Belarus GAI Theory D cheat sheet

Traffic rules in Belarus are governed by the Road Traffic Rules (ПДД); the driver must carry a driving licence of the correct category, a registration certificate, and a compulsory insurance policy, and present them on request to GAI officers.

A driver is obliged to yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing, to give way to vehicles with a flashing blue light and siren, and to stop when a GAI officer signals with a baton or hand.

Drivers must not drive under the influence of alcohol, narcotics, or medication that impairs reaction; refusal to undergo medical examination carries the same liability as confirmed intoxication.

A driver involved in a road traffic accident must stop, switch on hazard lights, display the warning triangle, avoid moving the vehicle if there are casualties, and call emergency services.

Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers in equipped seats; children under 12 require a child restraint or other device appropriate to their height and weight.

The driver must keep documents valid, ensure the vehicle is registered, and pass periodic technical inspection within the established intervals; a vehicle presenting a known technical fault that endangers safety must not be driven.

Blinding other road users is prohibited: main beam must be dipped at least 150 m before an oncoming vehicle and whenever following so as not to dazzle through mirrors.

The driver must obey lawful orders of police and traffic regulators even when they differ from signs, markings, or signals; the regulator's signal takes highest priority.

Warning signs are triangular with red borders and are placed 50–100 m before the hazard in built-up areas and 150–300 m outside them, unless a distance plate states otherwise.

Priority signs (yellow diamond, give-way triangle, stop octagon) establish the order of passage at intersections and narrowings; the STOP sign requires a complete halt at the stop line or sign edge.

Prohibitory signs are round with red borders; they restrict entry, speed, overtaking, or stopping and remain in force to the next intersection, the end-of-restriction sign, or the end of the built-up area.

Mandatory signs are round blue discs prescribing a direction, minimum speed, or a permitted class of vehicle; they may be combined with plates showing exceptions.

Information and service signs are rectangular or square with blue or green backgrounds and give route, direction, and facility information rather than imposing obligations.

Supplementary plates (white rectangles below a sign) modify the sign's action by distance, time, direction, or category of vehicle, and must be read together with the main sign.

Temporary signs on yellow backgrounds take precedence over permanent signs of the same meaning; a temporary sign conflicting with markings is followed in preference to the markings.

A sign with a red border and a number inside a red circle sets a maximum speed; the restriction applies to the whole carriageway and ends at the nearest cancellation sign or intersection.

A solid white centre line prohibits crossing; a broken line may be crossed when it is safe and does not interfere with other road users.

A double solid line may not be crossed in either direction; a line combining one solid and one broken line may be crossed only from the side of the broken line.

A yellow solid line along the kerb marks a stopping or parking prohibition; a yellow broken line permits short stops but prohibits parking.

A zebra crossing is marked by broad white stripes; the driver must yield to pedestrians on it and must not stop on the crossing itself.

Diagonal white stripes with a solid border (zebra island, hatched area) may not be entered or stopped on, except for a continuous lane change already begun safely.

Stop lines are solid white transverse lines; at a STOP sign or red signal the vehicle must halt before the stop line, or before the sign if no line exists.

Arrows and lane markings indicate permitted directions; a lane marked with a straight arrow does not permit turning, and lane changes must be completed before the solid line begins.

Markings for a bus stop are a yellow zigzag or a marked bay; stopping and parking of other vehicles there is prohibited within the marked area.

A green signal permits movement; a flashing green warns that the phase is ending and that a red signal will follow, requiring readiness to stop safely.

A yellow signal prohibits movement except when the driver cannot stop without harsh braking; a flashing yellow indicates an uncontrolled junction or pedestrian crossing.

A red signal prohibits movement beyond the stop line; a red plus yellow combination announces the imminent green and permits preparation but not movement.

A green arrow in an additional section permits movement in the arrow's direction provided it does not obstruct other road users; a black outline arrow means the section is inactive.

A signalman's signals override traffic signals and signs: arms extended sideways or lowered mean movement straight ahead and to the right is allowed, and turning is prohibited.

A signalman's right arm extended forward means traffic may proceed to the right of the regulator; the chest or back facing the driver means movement is prohibited.

A raised baton or hand means STOP for all directions; drivers must halt before the stop line or the regulator, regardless of the signal colour.

A round white flashing signal or a whistle combined with a gesture requires immediate stopping; the driver must remain stopped until the regulator's gesture permits movement.

Traffic keeps to the right; the driver must use the rightmost lane consistent with the intended direction, using the left lanes only for overtaking, turning, or when the right lanes are occupied.

Before any manoeuvre the driver must signal with the indicator, check mirrors and blind spots, and yield to vehicles already established in the lane being entered.

At an intersection of equal roads the vehicle on the right has priority; the driver must yield to traffic approaching from the right.

At a give-way sign the driver yields to vehicles on the priority road; at a STOP sign the driver must stop first and then yield before entering.

A left turn yields to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right; a right turn yields to pedestrians crossing the road being entered and to cyclists continuing straight.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, on pedestrian crossings, in tunnels, on bridges, and on railway crossings; reversing must not endanger or obstruct others.

A U-turn is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on bridges and overpasses, at railway crossings, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited to less than 100 m.

When entering a roundabout in Belarus the driver yields to vehicles already circulating on it, unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

In built-up areas the general maximum speed is 60 km/h; outside built-up areas it is 90 km/h, and on motorways it is 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer or carrying passengers in the rear of a truck lowers the limit to 70 km/h on roads outside built-up areas; buses have specific limits set by signs and vehicle class.

The driver must select a speed permitting a stop within the distance visible ahead, and must slow in fog, rain, ice, or darkness when visibility is under 100 m.

A safe following distance should be at least the distance covered in about two seconds; in poor conditions the gap must be increased.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, at intersections without priority, on bridges, in tunnels, at railway crossings, and where a solid line or no-overtaking sign applies.

Before overtaking the driver must confirm the lane ahead is clear, that no vehicle behind is already overtaking, and that the manoeuvre can be completed without forcing others to brake.

Overtaking on the right is prohibited except where the vehicle ahead is signalling a left turn and the way is clear; overtaking at a railway crossing is always prohibited.

When overtaken the driver must not accelerate and should keep to the right to allow the manoeuvre to be completed safely.

Stopping is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on tram tracks, at intersections and within 5 m of their edge, and where the vehicle would block a traffic signal or sign.

Stopping is prohibited within 15 m of bus stops and taxi ranks marked for route vehicles, and within 50 m of railway crossings.

Parking is prohibited where a solid line or sign forbids it, on the left side of a one-way road, and on the carriageway of roads outside built-up areas marked with a warning sign.

A vehicle may be stopped or parked only parallel to the kerb on the right side of the road, or on the left side of a one-way road if signs permit.

On descents and ascents, parking requires the wheels turned toward the kerb and the parking brake applied; a chock should be used on steep grades.

Parking within 3 m of a pedestrian crossing is prohibited; parking within 5 m before a crossing is also prohibited because it obstructs visibility.

A parked vehicle outside a built-up area must be off the carriageway or, if impossible, marked with hazard lights and a warning triangle visible to approaching traffic.

Standing (stopping for more than 5 minutes for purposes other than boarding) is prohibited where stopping is prohibited and additionally at the edge of a bus stop bay.

Approaching a railway crossing the driver must slow, ensure the way is clear, and cross without stopping if possible; stopping on the crossing is prohibited.

A closed or closing barrier, a red flashing signal, or a signalman's stop signal requires a complete stop before the stop line at least 5 m from the rails.

Overtaking at a railway crossing and within 100 m before it is prohibited; reversing and U-turns there are also prohibited.

If the vehicle stalls on a crossing the driver must immediately unload passengers, move them away, and signal the train by any available means, then call for help.

In fog, heavy rain, or snow the driver must reduce speed, use dipped headlights or fog lights, and increase the following distance beyond the normal two-second gap.

In icy conditions braking distance increases several times; the driver should brake gently, avoid sudden steering, and use engine braking where possible.

In a traffic jam the driver must not enter an intersection or a crossing unless able to clear it without stopping.

In darkness or poor visibility, side lights or dipped headlights must be on; main beam is used only where it will not dazzle others.

The vehicle must have working brakes, steering, lights, windscreen wipers, washers, mirrors, horn, and a speedometer; a fault in brakes, steering, or lights prohibits driving.

Tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for passenger cars and must be free of cuts, bulges, and exposed cord; tyres of different sizes on one axle are prohibited.

The obligatory equipment includes a warning triangle, a first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher, and a reflective vest for use outside built-up areas at night.

A first-aid kit must contain sterile dressings, bandages, adhesive plasters, a tourniquet, gloves, and scissors; expired items must be replaced.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing and, if needed, a tourniquet above the wound, noting the application time.

For a suspected spinal injury do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger; keep the head and neck aligned and call emergency services.

For burns cool the area with clean water for at least 10 minutes, do not open blisters, and cover with a clean dry dressing.

If the casualty is unconscious but breathing, place them in the recovery position and monitor the airway until help arrives.

Administrative liability arises for violations such as speeding, running a red light, driving without documents, and failure to yield; penalties include warnings, fines, and licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing medical examination carries a heavy fine, licence deprivation for a fixed period, and possible vehicle confiscation.

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 20 km/h but not more than 30 km/h attracts a fine; larger excesses carry heavier fines and possible licence suspension.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an administrative offence with a fine; repeat offences within a year increase the penalty.

Leaving the scene of an accident in which the driver was involved is an administrative offence and may lead to criminal liability if casualties occurred.

Accumulated penalty points within the established period can lead to licence deprivation; points are recorded on the driver's record by the GAI.

Failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer or regulator is an administrative offence carrying a fine or administrative arrest.

Causing injury or death through violation of traffic rules is dealt with under criminal law, with penalties ranging from corrective labour to imprisonment.

Category D covers vehicles designed to carry more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; a bus with a trailer requires category D plus E.

The minimum age for category D is 21 years, and the driver must hold a medical certificate confirming fitness to carry passengers.

Before departure the bus driver must check the vehicle's technical condition, brakes, lights, doors, fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, and the number of passengers against the capacity.

Passengers must not stand in a moving bus beyond the permitted standing capacity; doors must be closed before moving and opened only after a complete stop.

The bus driver must stop only at designated stops, announce them, and ensure passengers have cleared the doorway before closing the doors.

A bus must not carry more passengers than the manufacturer's stated capacity; overloading changes braking distance and is an administrative offence.

When driving a bus the driver must maintain a longer following distance than a car, brake smoothly, and avoid sharp turns to protect standing passengers.

Bus drivers are subject to stricter working-time and rest rules; continuous driving must be interrupted by breaks, and tachograph records must be kept where required.

Traffic rules in Belarus are governed by the Road Traffic Rules (ПДД); the driver must carry a driving licence of the correct category, a registration certificate, and a compulsory insurance policy, and present them on request to GAI officers.

A driver is obliged to yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing, to give way to vehicles with a flashing blue light and siren, and to stop when a GAI officer signals with a baton or hand.

Drivers must not drive under the influence of alcohol, narcotics, or medication that impairs reaction; refusal to undergo medical examination carries the same liability as confirmed intoxication.

A driver involved in a road traffic accident must stop, switch on hazard lights, display the warning triangle, avoid moving the vehicle if there are casualties, and call emergency services.

Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers in equipped seats; children under 12 require a child restraint or other device appropriate to their height and weight.

The driver must keep documents valid, ensure the vehicle is registered, and pass periodic technical inspection within the established intervals; a vehicle presenting a known technical fault that endangers safety must not be driven.

Blinding other road users is prohibited: main beam must be dipped at least 150 m before an oncoming vehicle and whenever following so as not to dazzle through mirrors.

The driver must obey lawful orders of police and traffic regulators even when they differ from signs, markings, or signals; the regulator's signal takes highest priority.

Warning signs are triangular with red borders and are placed 50–100 m before the hazard in built-up areas and 150–300 m outside them, unless a distance plate states otherwise.

Priority signs (yellow diamond, give-way triangle, stop octagon) establish the order of passage at intersections and narrowings; the STOP sign requires a complete halt at the stop line or sign edge.

Prohibitory signs are round with red borders; they restrict entry, speed, overtaking, or stopping and remain in force to the next intersection, the end-of-restriction sign, or the end of the built-up area.

Mandatory signs are round blue discs prescribing a direction, minimum speed, or a permitted class of vehicle; they may be combined with plates showing exceptions.

Information and service signs are rectangular or square with blue or green backgrounds and give route, direction, and facility information rather than imposing obligations.

Supplementary plates (white rectangles below a sign) modify the sign's action by distance, time, direction, or category of vehicle, and must be read together with the main sign.

Temporary signs on yellow backgrounds take precedence over permanent signs of the same meaning; a temporary sign conflicting with markings is followed in preference to the markings.

A sign with a red border and a number inside a red circle sets a maximum speed; the restriction applies to the whole carriageway and ends at the nearest cancellation sign or intersection.

A solid white centre line prohibits crossing; a broken line may be crossed when it is safe and does not interfere with other road users.

A double solid line may not be crossed in either direction; a line combining one solid and one broken line may be crossed only from the side of the broken line.

A yellow solid line along the kerb marks a stopping or parking prohibition; a yellow broken line permits short stops but prohibits parking.

A zebra crossing is marked by broad white stripes; the driver must yield to pedestrians on it and must not stop on the crossing itself.

Diagonal white stripes with a solid border (zebra island, hatched area) may not be entered or stopped on, except for a continuous lane change already begun safely.

Stop lines are solid white transverse lines; at a STOP sign or red signal the vehicle must halt before the stop line, or before the sign if no line exists.

Arrows and lane markings indicate permitted directions; a lane marked with a straight arrow does not permit turning, and lane changes must be completed before the solid line begins.

Markings for a bus stop are a yellow zigzag or a marked bay; stopping and parking of other vehicles there is prohibited within the marked area.

A green signal permits movement; a flashing green warns that the phase is ending and that a red signal will follow, requiring readiness to stop safely.

A yellow signal prohibits movement except when the driver cannot stop without harsh braking; a flashing yellow indicates an uncontrolled junction or pedestrian crossing.

A red signal prohibits movement beyond the stop line; a red plus yellow combination announces the imminent green and permits preparation but not movement.

A green arrow in an additional section permits movement in the arrow's direction provided it does not obstruct other road users; a black outline arrow means the section is inactive.

A signalman's signals override traffic signals and signs: arms extended sideways or lowered mean movement straight ahead and to the right is allowed, and turning is prohibited.

A signalman's right arm extended forward means traffic may proceed to the right of the regulator; the chest or back facing the driver means movement is prohibited.

A raised baton or hand means STOP for all directions; drivers must halt before the stop line or the regulator, regardless of the signal colour.

A round white flashing signal or a whistle combined with a gesture requires immediate stopping; the driver must remain stopped until the regulator's gesture permits movement.

Traffic keeps to the right; the driver must use the rightmost lane consistent with the intended direction, using the left lanes only for overtaking, turning, or when the right lanes are occupied.

Before any manoeuvre the driver must signal with the indicator, check mirrors and blind spots, and yield to vehicles already established in the lane being entered.

At an intersection of equal roads the vehicle on the right has priority; the driver must yield to traffic approaching from the right.

At a give-way sign the driver yields to vehicles on the priority road; at a STOP sign the driver must stop first and then yield before entering.

A left turn yields to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right; a right turn yields to pedestrians crossing the road being entered and to cyclists continuing straight.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, on pedestrian crossings, in tunnels, on bridges, and on railway crossings; reversing must not endanger or obstruct others.

A U-turn is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on bridges and overpasses, at railway crossings, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited to less than 100 m.

When entering a roundabout in Belarus the driver yields to vehicles already circulating on it, unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

In built-up areas the general maximum speed is 60 km/h; outside built-up areas it is 90 km/h, and on motorways it is 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer or carrying passengers in the rear of a truck lowers the limit to 70 km/h on roads outside built-up areas; buses have specific limits set by signs and vehicle class.

The driver must select a speed permitting a stop within the distance visible ahead, and must slow in fog, rain, ice, or darkness when visibility is under 100 m.

A safe following distance should be at least the distance covered in about two seconds; in poor conditions the gap must be increased.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, at intersections without priority, on bridges, in tunnels, at railway crossings, and where a solid line or no-overtaking sign applies.

Before overtaking the driver must confirm the lane ahead is clear, that no vehicle behind is already overtaking, and that the manoeuvre can be completed without forcing others to brake.

Overtaking on the right is prohibited except where the vehicle ahead is signalling a left turn and the way is clear; overtaking at a railway crossing is always prohibited.

When overtaken the driver must not accelerate and should keep to the right to allow the manoeuvre to be completed safely.

Stopping is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on tram tracks, at intersections and within 5 m of their edge, and where the vehicle would block a traffic signal or sign.

Stopping is prohibited within 15 m of bus stops and taxi ranks marked for route vehicles, and within 50 m of railway crossings.

Parking is prohibited where a solid line or sign forbids it, on the left side of a one-way road, and on the carriageway of roads outside built-up areas marked with a warning sign.

A vehicle may be stopped or parked only parallel to the kerb on the right side of the road, or on the left side of a one-way road if signs permit.

On descents and ascents, parking requires the wheels turned toward the kerb and the parking brake applied; a chock should be used on steep grades.

Parking within 3 m of a pedestrian crossing is prohibited; parking within 5 m before a crossing is also prohibited because it obstructs visibility.

A parked vehicle outside a built-up area must be off the carriageway or, if impossible, marked with hazard lights and a warning triangle visible to approaching traffic.

Standing (stopping for more than 5 minutes for purposes other than boarding) is prohibited where stopping is prohibited and additionally at the edge of a bus stop bay.

Approaching a railway crossing the driver must slow, ensure the way is clear, and cross without stopping if possible; stopping on the crossing is prohibited.

A closed or closing barrier, a red flashing signal, or a signalman's stop signal requires a complete stop before the stop line at least 5 m from the rails.

Overtaking at a railway crossing and within 100 m before it is prohibited; reversing and U-turns there are also prohibited.

If the vehicle stalls on a crossing the driver must immediately unload passengers, move them away, and signal the train by any available means, then call for help.

In fog, heavy rain, or snow the driver must reduce speed, use dipped headlights or fog lights, and increase the following distance beyond the normal two-second gap.

In icy conditions braking distance increases several times; the driver should brake gently, avoid sudden steering, and use engine braking where possible.

In a traffic jam the driver must not enter an intersection or a crossing unless able to clear it without stopping.

In darkness or poor visibility, side lights or dipped headlights must be on; main beam is used only where it will not dazzle others.

The vehicle must have working brakes, steering, lights, windscreen wipers, washers, mirrors, horn, and a speedometer; a fault in brakes, steering, or lights prohibits driving.

Tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for passenger cars and must be free of cuts, bulges, and exposed cord; tyres of different sizes on one axle are prohibited.

The obligatory equipment includes a warning triangle, a first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher, and a reflective vest for use outside built-up areas at night.

A first-aid kit must contain sterile dressings, bandages, adhesive plasters, a tourniquet, gloves, and scissors; expired items must be replaced.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing and, if needed, a tourniquet above the wound, noting the application time.

For a suspected spinal injury do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger; keep the head and neck aligned and call emergency services.

For burns cool the area with clean water for at least 10 minutes, do not open blisters, and cover with a clean dry dressing.

If the casualty is unconscious but breathing, place them in the recovery position and monitor the airway until help arrives.

Administrative liability arises for violations such as speeding, running a red light, driving without documents, and failure to yield; penalties include warnings, fines, and licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing medical examination carries a heavy fine, licence deprivation for a fixed period, and possible vehicle confiscation.

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 20 km/h but not more than 30 km/h attracts a fine; larger excesses carry heavier fines and possible licence suspension.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an administrative offence with a fine; repeat offences within a year increase the penalty.

Leaving the scene of an accident in which the driver was involved is an administrative offence and may lead to criminal liability if casualties occurred.

Accumulated penalty points within the established period can lead to licence deprivation; points are recorded on the driver's record by the GAI.

Failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer or regulator is an administrative offence carrying a fine or administrative arrest.

Causing injury or death through violation of traffic rules is dealt with under criminal law, with penalties ranging from corrective labour to imprisonment.

Category D covers vehicles designed to carry more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; a bus with a trailer requires category D plus E.

The minimum age for category D is 21 years, and the driver must hold a medical certificate confirming fitness to carry passengers.

Before departure the bus driver must check the vehicle's technical condition, brakes, lights, doors, fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, and the number of passengers against the capacity.

Passengers must not stand in a moving bus beyond the permitted standing capacity; doors must be closed before moving and opened only after a complete stop.

The bus driver must stop only at designated stops, announce them, and ensure passengers have cleared the doorway before closing the doors.

A bus must not carry more passengers than the manufacturer's stated capacity; overloading changes braking distance and is an administrative offence.

When driving a bus the driver must maintain a longer following distance than a car, brake smoothly, and avoid sharp turns to protect standing passengers.

Bus drivers are subject to stricter working-time and rest rules; continuous driving must be interrupted by breaks, and tachograph records must be kept where required.

Traffic rules in Belarus are governed by the Road Traffic Rules (ПДД); the driver must carry a driving licence of the correct category, a registration certificate, and a compulsory insurance policy, and present them on request to GAI officers.

A driver is obliged to yield to pedestrians on a marked crossing, to give way to vehicles with a flashing blue light and siren, and to stop when a GAI officer signals with a baton or hand.

Drivers must not drive under the influence of alcohol, narcotics, or medication that impairs reaction; refusal to undergo medical examination carries the same liability as confirmed intoxication.

A driver involved in a road traffic accident must stop, switch on hazard lights, display the warning triangle, avoid moving the vehicle if there are casualties, and call emergency services.

Seat belts must be worn by the driver and all passengers in equipped seats; children under 12 require a child restraint or other device appropriate to their height and weight.

The driver must keep documents valid, ensure the vehicle is registered, and pass periodic technical inspection within the established intervals; a vehicle presenting a known technical fault that endangers safety must not be driven.

Blinding other road users is prohibited: main beam must be dipped at least 150 m before an oncoming vehicle and whenever following so as not to dazzle through mirrors.

The driver must obey lawful orders of police and traffic regulators even when they differ from signs, markings, or signals; the regulator's signal takes highest priority.

Warning signs are triangular with red borders and are placed 50–100 m before the hazard in built-up areas and 150–300 m outside them, unless a distance plate states otherwise.

Priority signs (yellow diamond, give-way triangle, stop octagon) establish the order of passage at intersections and narrowings; the STOP sign requires a complete halt at the stop line or sign edge.

Prohibitory signs are round with red borders; they restrict entry, speed, overtaking, or stopping and remain in force to the next intersection, the end-of-restriction sign, or the end of the built-up area.

Mandatory signs are round blue discs prescribing a direction, minimum speed, or a permitted class of vehicle; they may be combined with plates showing exceptions.

Information and service signs are rectangular or square with blue or green backgrounds and give route, direction, and facility information rather than imposing obligations.

Supplementary plates (white rectangles below a sign) modify the sign's action by distance, time, direction, or category of vehicle, and must be read together with the main sign.

Temporary signs on yellow backgrounds take precedence over permanent signs of the same meaning; a temporary sign conflicting with markings is followed in preference to the markings.

A sign with a red border and a number inside a red circle sets a maximum speed; the restriction applies to the whole carriageway and ends at the nearest cancellation sign or intersection.

A solid white centre line prohibits crossing; a broken line may be crossed when it is safe and does not interfere with other road users.

A double solid line may not be crossed in either direction; a line combining one solid and one broken line may be crossed only from the side of the broken line.

A yellow solid line along the kerb marks a stopping or parking prohibition; a yellow broken line permits short stops but prohibits parking.

A zebra crossing is marked by broad white stripes; the driver must yield to pedestrians on it and must not stop on the crossing itself.

Diagonal white stripes with a solid border (zebra island, hatched area) may not be entered or stopped on, except for a continuous lane change already begun safely.

Stop lines are solid white transverse lines; at a STOP sign or red signal the vehicle must halt before the stop line, or before the sign if no line exists.

Arrows and lane markings indicate permitted directions; a lane marked with a straight arrow does not permit turning, and lane changes must be completed before the solid line begins.

Markings for a bus stop are a yellow zigzag or a marked bay; stopping and parking of other vehicles there is prohibited within the marked area.

A green signal permits movement; a flashing green warns that the phase is ending and that a red signal will follow, requiring readiness to stop safely.

A yellow signal prohibits movement except when the driver cannot stop without harsh braking; a flashing yellow indicates an uncontrolled junction or pedestrian crossing.

A red signal prohibits movement beyond the stop line; a red plus yellow combination announces the imminent green and permits preparation but not movement.

A green arrow in an additional section permits movement in the arrow's direction provided it does not obstruct other road users; a black outline arrow means the section is inactive.

A signalman's signals override traffic signals and signs: arms extended sideways or lowered mean movement straight ahead and to the right is allowed, and turning is prohibited.

A signalman's right arm extended forward means traffic may proceed to the right of the regulator; the chest or back facing the driver means movement is prohibited.

A raised baton or hand means STOP for all directions; drivers must halt before the stop line or the regulator, regardless of the signal colour.

A round white flashing signal or a whistle combined with a gesture requires immediate stopping; the driver must remain stopped until the regulator's gesture permits movement.

Traffic keeps to the right; the driver must use the rightmost lane consistent with the intended direction, using the left lanes only for overtaking, turning, or when the right lanes are occupied.

Before any manoeuvre the driver must signal with the indicator, check mirrors and blind spots, and yield to vehicles already established in the lane being entered.

At an intersection of equal roads the vehicle on the right has priority; the driver must yield to traffic approaching from the right.

At a give-way sign the driver yields to vehicles on the priority road; at a STOP sign the driver must stop first and then yield before entering.

A left turn yields to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right; a right turn yields to pedestrians crossing the road being entered and to cyclists continuing straight.

Reversing is prohibited at intersections, on pedestrian crossings, in tunnels, on bridges, and on railway crossings; reversing must not endanger or obstruct others.

A U-turn is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on bridges and overpasses, at railway crossings, in tunnels, and where visibility is limited to less than 100 m.

When entering a roundabout in Belarus the driver yields to vehicles already circulating on it, unless signs or markings indicate otherwise.

In built-up areas the general maximum speed is 60 km/h; outside built-up areas it is 90 km/h, and on motorways it is 110 km/h unless signs state otherwise.

Towing a trailer or carrying passengers in the rear of a truck lowers the limit to 70 km/h on roads outside built-up areas; buses have specific limits set by signs and vehicle class.

The driver must select a speed permitting a stop within the distance visible ahead, and must slow in fog, rain, ice, or darkness when visibility is under 100 m.

A safe following distance should be at least the distance covered in about two seconds; in poor conditions the gap must be increased.

Overtaking is prohibited at pedestrian crossings, at intersections without priority, on bridges, in tunnels, at railway crossings, and where a solid line or no-overtaking sign applies.

Before overtaking the driver must confirm the lane ahead is clear, that no vehicle behind is already overtaking, and that the manoeuvre can be completed without forcing others to brake.

Overtaking on the right is prohibited except where the vehicle ahead is signalling a left turn and the way is clear; overtaking at a railway crossing is always prohibited.

When overtaken the driver must not accelerate and should keep to the right to allow the manoeuvre to be completed safely.

Stopping is prohibited on pedestrian crossings, on tram tracks, at intersections and within 5 m of their edge, and where the vehicle would block a traffic signal or sign.

Stopping is prohibited within 15 m of bus stops and taxi ranks marked for route vehicles, and within 50 m of railway crossings.

Parking is prohibited where a solid line or sign forbids it, on the left side of a one-way road, and on the carriageway of roads outside built-up areas marked with a warning sign.

A vehicle may be stopped or parked only parallel to the kerb on the right side of the road, or on the left side of a one-way road if signs permit.

On descents and ascents, parking requires the wheels turned toward the kerb and the parking brake applied; a chock should be used on steep grades.

Parking within 3 m of a pedestrian crossing is prohibited; parking within 5 m before a crossing is also prohibited because it obstructs visibility.

A parked vehicle outside a built-up area must be off the carriageway or, if impossible, marked with hazard lights and a warning triangle visible to approaching traffic.

Standing (stopping for more than 5 minutes for purposes other than boarding) is prohibited where stopping is prohibited and additionally at the edge of a bus stop bay.

Approaching a railway crossing the driver must slow, ensure the way is clear, and cross without stopping if possible; stopping on the crossing is prohibited.

A closed or closing barrier, a red flashing signal, or a signalman's stop signal requires a complete stop before the stop line at least 5 m from the rails.

Overtaking at a railway crossing and within 100 m before it is prohibited; reversing and U-turns there are also prohibited.

If the vehicle stalls on a crossing the driver must immediately unload passengers, move them away, and signal the train by any available means, then call for help.

In fog, heavy rain, or snow the driver must reduce speed, use dipped headlights or fog lights, and increase the following distance beyond the normal two-second gap.

In icy conditions braking distance increases several times; the driver should brake gently, avoid sudden steering, and use engine braking where possible.

In a traffic jam the driver must not enter an intersection or a crossing unless able to clear it without stopping.

In darkness or poor visibility, side lights or dipped headlights must be on; main beam is used only where it will not dazzle others.

The vehicle must have working brakes, steering, lights, windscreen wipers, washers, mirrors, horn, and a speedometer; a fault in brakes, steering, or lights prohibits driving.

Tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for passenger cars and must be free of cuts, bulges, and exposed cord; tyres of different sizes on one axle are prohibited.

The obligatory equipment includes a warning triangle, a first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher, and a reflective vest for use outside built-up areas at night.

A first-aid kit must contain sterile dressings, bandages, adhesive plasters, a tourniquet, gloves, and scissors; expired items must be replaced.

For severe bleeding apply direct pressure with a sterile dressing and, if needed, a tourniquet above the wound, noting the application time.

For a suspected spinal injury do not move the casualty unless there is immediate danger; keep the head and neck aligned and call emergency services.

For burns cool the area with clean water for at least 10 minutes, do not open blisters, and cover with a clean dry dressing.

If the casualty is unconscious but breathing, place them in the recovery position and monitor the airway until help arrives.

Administrative liability arises for violations such as speeding, running a red light, driving without documents, and failure to yield; penalties include warnings, fines, and licence points.

Driving while intoxicated or refusing medical examination carries a heavy fine, licence deprivation for a fixed period, and possible vehicle confiscation.

Exceeding the speed limit by more than 20 km/h but not more than 30 km/h attracts a fine; larger excesses carry heavier fines and possible licence suspension.

Driving without a licence of the correct category is an administrative offence with a fine; repeat offences within a year increase the penalty.

Leaving the scene of an accident in which the driver was involved is an administrative offence and may lead to criminal liability if casualties occurred.

Accumulated penalty points within the established period can lead to licence deprivation; points are recorded on the driver's record by the GAI.

Failure to comply with a lawful order of a police officer or regulator is an administrative offence carrying a fine or administrative arrest.

Causing injury or death through violation of traffic rules is dealt with under criminal law, with penalties ranging from corrective labour to imprisonment.

Category D covers vehicles designed to carry more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; a bus with a trailer requires category D plus E.

The minimum age for category D is 21 years, and the driver must hold a medical certificate confirming fitness to carry passengers.

Before departure the bus driver must check the vehicle's technical condition, brakes, lights, doors, fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, and the number of passengers against the capacity.

Passengers must not stand in a moving bus beyond the permitted standing capacity; doors must be closed before moving and opened only after a complete stop.

The bus driver must stop only at designated stops, announce them, and ensure passengers have cleared the doorway before closing the doors.

A bus must not carry more passengers than the manufacturer's stated capacity; overloading changes braking distance and is an administrative offence.

When driving a bus the driver must maintain a longer following distance than a car, brake smoothly, and avoid sharp turns to protect standing passengers.

Bus drivers are subject to stricter working-time and rest rules; continuous driving must be interrupted by breaks, and tachograph records must be kept where required.