Prabodh (CHD Hindi) study materials
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Prabodh (CHD Hindi): Hindi Grammar and Sentence Structure (व्याकरण एवं वाक्य-संरचना)

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Hindi Grammar and Sentence Structure (व्याकरण एवं वाक्य-संरचना)

The domain व्याकरण एवं वाक्य-संरचना in Prabodh (CHD Hindi) tests applied control, not recited definitions: can you assign the right लिंग and वचन, choose the correct कारक चिह्न, and make the verb agree under time pressure? Almost every mark lost here is a lost ending, so treat each rule as a transformation you must perform and then verify.

लिंग (gender)

Hindi has two genders, and grammatical gender cannot be deduced from meaning.

  • Words in -ा are usually masculine: लड़का, घोड़ा, बाज़ार.
  • Words in -ी are usually feminine: लड़की, नदी, रोटी.
  • Masculine exceptions in -ी that examiners favour: पानी, माली, धोबी, आदमी, हाथी.
  • Feminine words in -ा: हवा, दवा, दया, कृपा, आशा, परीक्षा, सभा.
  • Suffix cues: -ता and -आई are feminine (ममता, भलाई); -पन is masculine (बचपन, अपनापन).

वचन (number)

  • Masculine -ा → -े: लड़का → लड़के, कमरा → कमरे.
  • Feminine -ी → -ियाँ: लड़की → लड़कियाँ, नदी → नदियाँ.
  • Feminine -आ and consonant endings take -एँ: माता → माताएँ, आँख → आँखें, बात → बातें.

कारक और क्रिया-अन्वय

Eight कारक markers: ने (कर्ता), को (कर्म, सम्प्रदान), से (करण, अपादान), के लिए (सम्प्रदान), का/की/के (सम्बन्ध), में/पर (अधिकरण), हे/अरे (सम्बोधन). The agreement chain is: the verb follows the subject; with ने in a transitive perfective it follows the object; if the object carries को, it defaults to masculine singular.

Worked example

“लड़कियों ने मीठी रोटियाँ खाईं।” The कर्ता carries ने, so the verb cannot agree with लड़कियों; it agrees with रोटियाँ, feminine plural, giving खाईं. Replace the object with खाना, masculine singular, and the same frame becomes “लड़कियों ने खाना खाया।” Now add को - “उसने बच्चों को बुलाया।” - and the verb falls back to the default masculine singular बुलाया. Knowing which noun controls the verb is worth more than memorising paradigms.

Traps

  • ने with intransitive verbs: वह गया, never वह ने गया.
  • Feminising every -ी word; पानी and माली are masculine.
  • Spelling plurals as लड़कीयाँ or मातायें; the standard forms are लड़कियाँ and माताएँ.
  • Choosing का/की/के without checking the possessed noun: राम का घर but राम की किताब.
  • Treating a compound verb (खा लेना, भेज देना) as two separate verbs in agreement.