Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management
What this domain tests
Classification, storage and transfer compliance, and the incineration and landfill standards where a single number decides the answer.
Classification chain
- Is it 生活垃圾, 一般工业固体废物, or 危险废物?
- A waste listed in 国家危险废物名录 (2021 version, 46 broad categories with HW codes) is hazardous without testing. Non-listed wastes are tested against GB 5085.1 to 5085.7: corrosivity (pH at or below 2, or at or above 12.5), acute toxicity, leaching toxicity, total toxic content, reactivity, flammability, infectivity.
- The 危险废物豁免管理清单 exempts only the named activity (for example a specific transport or utilisation step), never the whole lifecycle.
Compliance rules under 固废法 (2020)
减量化, 资源化, 无害化 in that priority; the generator bears responsibility; hazardous waste transfer requires the manifest system (转移联单) and a licensed recipient; storage is capped at one year unless an extension is approved; cross-province transfer needs approval.
Disposal standards
- GB 18484 hazardous waste incineration: combustion gas at or above 1,100 C with at least 2 s residence, destruction and removal efficiency at or above 99.99 percent, slag ignition loss below 5 percent.
- GB 18485 municipal solid waste incineration: 850 C and 2 s; fly ash is managed as hazardous waste, HW18, even though the feed was ordinary refuse.
- GB 16889 landfill: entry criteria including moisture, and leachate treatment; GB 18598 for hazardous waste landfill.
Worked example
A hazardous waste incinerator produces 600 kg of slag per day. After ignition at 600 C the residue weighs 570 kg. Ignition loss = (600 − 570)/600 = 5.0 percent.
- The standard requires below 5 percent, so 5.0 percent fails. The margin is zero, not passing.
- Control action: check feed mixing, excess air, and residence time; excessive moisture or short residence raises unburnt carbon in slag.
- Note the parallel test: if a non-listed electroplating sludge leaches hexavalent chromium at 8 mg/L against a GB 5085.3 limit of 5 mg/L, it is hazardous by characteristic regardless of the list.
Traps
- Testing a listed waste to argue it is not hazardous; listing alone decides.
- Treating the exemption list as a full exemption.
- Treating incinerator fly ash as ordinary waste.
- Reading 热灼减率 as at most 5 percent rather than below 5 percent.
- Missing the one-year storage cap and the manifest requirement.