Pancyprian Product Dev III flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Stage-gate process
- A structured product development framework with sequential stages separated by gates where cross-functional teams review deliverables and make go, kill, hold, or recycle decisions.
- Design freeze
- The point in development when form, fit, and function are locked; subsequent changes require engineering change orders with cost, schedule, and compliance impact assessment.
- Product lifecycle stages
- Introduction, growth, maturity, and decline; each stage implies different pricing, promotion, and investment strategies, with maturity often requiring cost reduction and differentiation.
- Fuzzy front end
- The pre-development phase where opportunities are explored and concepts shaped; it ends when a product concept is approved and a formal project is chartered.
- Point-of-view statement
- A design thinking define-mode output in the form: [user] needs [need] because [insight]; it frames the problem without prescribing a solution.
- Divergent and convergent thinking
- Divergent thinking generates many options without judgment; convergent thinking selects among them using explicit criteria such as desirability, feasibility, and viability.
- Double Diamond
- A design process model with four phases: Discover and Define (problem space), Develop and Deliver (solution space); each diamond alternates divergent and convergent work.
- Prototype fidelity
- The degree of realism of a prototype; low fidelity supports concept exploration, while high fidelity supports usability and technical validation. Fidelity should match the question being tested.
- Kano model
- Classifies features as must-be, performance, attractive, indifferent, or reverse using paired functional and dysfunctional questions; attractive features delight but do not cause dissatisfaction when absent.
- MoSCoW prioritization
- A requirements prioritization scheme: Must have (non-negotiable), Should have (important but not critical), Could have (desirable), and Won't have this time (explicitly excluded).
- QFD House of Quality
- A matrix linking voice-of-customer needs to engineering characteristics; the roof records trade-offs between characteristics, and the body scores relationship strengths.
- Traceability matrix
- A table mapping each requirement to its design element, verification method (test, inspection, analysis, demonstration), and test case to ensure complete coverage.
- SCAMPER
- An ideation checklist: Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify/Magnify, Put to other use, Eliminate, Reverse/Rearrange; applied to an existing product to generate new concepts.
- Morphological analysis
- A concept generation method that decomposes a problem into functions, lists possible means for each function, and combines means into concept variants.
- Pugh concept selection
- A screening method comparing concepts against a datum using +, –, and 0 scores per criterion; the best concept becomes the new datum in subsequent rounds.
- Weighted decision matrix
- A selection tool that scores each concept on criteria, multiplies scores by criterion weights, and sums to rank concepts; sensitivity analysis tests robustness of the ranking.
- Design of Experiments
- A statistical method to plan tests that isolate factor effects; full factorial tests all combinations, fractional factorial screens factors, and response surface methods optimize settings.
- Verification vs validation
- Verification confirms the design meets specified requirements; validation confirms the product meets user needs in the intended use environment. Both are required before launch.
- Accelerated life testing
- Testing at elevated stress levels (temperature, voltage, vibration) to estimate product life faster; acceleration models such as Arrhenius relate stress to failure rate.
- Usability testing metrics
- Quantitative measures include task success rate, time on task, error rate, and satisfaction scores such as the System Usability Scale, whose average score is about 68.
- DFMA
- Design for Manufacturing and Assembly: minimize part count, standardize fasteners, design for one-direction insertion, and avoid separate fasteners to reduce cost and defects.
- Tolerance stack-up
- The cumulative effect of part tolerances on an assembly; worst-case analysis sums tolerances, while statistical root-sum-square analysis assumes independent distributions and yields tighter results.
- Ashby material charts
- Plots of material properties such as strength versus density used to select candidates; performance indices like strength-to-density ratio identify the best material for a function.
- FMEA
- Failure Modes and Effects Analysis identifies potential failures, scores severity, occurrence, and detection, and prioritizes actions by risk priority number (RPN = S × O × D).
- Life Cycle Assessment
- A method per ISO 14040/14044 with four phases: goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation; it quantifies environmental burdens across a product's life.
- CE marking
- A conformity mark for products sold in the EU; the manufacturer issues a Declaration of Conformity and maintains a technical file demonstrating compliance with applicable directives.
- ISO 14971
- The risk management standard for medical devices: identify hazards, estimate and evaluate risk, implement controls, and monitor residual risk throughout the product lifecycle.
- Hierarchy of controls
- A safety prioritization order: eliminate the hazard, substitute a safer alternative, use engineering controls, then administrative controls, and finally personal protective equipment.
- Critical path method
- A scheduling technique where the longest path through the network determines project duration; float equals late start minus early start for each activity.
- Earned Value Management
- A project control method using EV = % complete × BAC; cost variance CV = EV − AC, schedule variance SV = EV − PV, and indices CPI = EV/AC and SPI = EV/PV.
- RACI matrix
- A responsibility assignment chart: Responsible does the work, Accountable owns the outcome (one per task), Consulted provides input, and Informed receives updates.
- Tuckman team stages
- A model of team development: forming (orientation), storming (conflict), norming (cohesion), performing (productivity), and adjourning (disbanding).