BY Abitur Russian (gA) key terms

A grammatical case expressing relationships within a construction, selected through the governing word and context rather than a fixed English preposition.

The relationship in which a word requires a particular case or prepositional construction from its dependent expression.

The matching of grammatical features between related words, such as adjective and noun or subject and predicate.

The aspectual organization of a verb, interpreted through whether the discourse presents process, repetition, experience or a bounded result.

An imperfective aspect form that commonly presents process or repetition, while requiring contextual interpretation rather than a single English tense.

A perfective aspect form presenting a bounded occurrence or result, whose actual meaning depends on tense, negation and construction.

Motion verbs whose distinctions involve directionality, repetition, manner and prefixes, not merely the English difference between go and come.

A participial form combining verbal meaning with adjectival features and agreement, often compressing information expressed by a relative clause elsewhere.

An adverbial participle expressing an accompanying relation to the main action, whose subject relationship must be checked in the sentence.

A verb containing a reflexive marker whose function depends on the lexical item and construction, not always literal self-directed action.

The central subject of a passage, distinguished from an isolated example or a writer’s particular position on that subject.

The main claim supported by an argument, identified from the whole passage rather than assumed to occur in one fixed position.

Meaning implied by the text’s arrangement and context, which needs evidence rather than unrestricted speculation about hidden motives.

A reference directing the reader to a source or passage location, used accurately rather than as an invented sign of authority.

A negative expression whose scope determines what is denied, requiring attention to surrounding clauses and contrast rather than one keyword.

The language choices appropriate to audience, relationship and purpose, including coherent address forms without treating every variation as a universal offence.

The linguistic connection of clauses and paragraphs through reference, connectors and other devices that make relationships recoverable.

A reason offered to support a claim, whose relevance and evidential strength must be explained rather than merely listed.

A reformulation preserving essential meaning in different wording, adapted to the task without adding invented facts or changing conditions.

The intended recipient of a message, whose knowledge and needs shape selection of information, register and communicative purpose.