Saxony-Anhalt Abitur Russian flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Globales Hören

First listening phase: identify text type, speakers, topic, and communicative purpose without noting details. Enables later detail questions to be located quickly.

Selektives Hören

Listening for pre-defined information such as numbers, names, or dates. The task specifies what to extract, so unrelated content can be ignored.

Signalwörter der Gliederung

Words like zunächst, außerdem, jedoch, zusammenfassend in German and во-первых, кроме того, однако, итак in Russian. They mark structure and help predict what follows.

Zahlen im Russischen

Russian numerals inflect: два года (2), пять лет (5+), полтора часа (1.5). Case endings on the noun depend on the final digit of the numeral.

angeblich vs. tatsächlich

German angeblich marks unverified reported information; tatsächlich marks confirmed fact. In listening tasks this distinction decides whether a statement counts as asserted or merely reported.

Nicht im Text

Answer option for statements that are plausible but not stated in the source. It is neither true nor false; choosing it requires checking the whole relevant passage.

Kopf des Nominalblocks

In German noun phrases the head noun is the last element; preceding genitives modify it. Read right to left to resolve long chains in non-fiction texts.

Причастие auflösen

Russian participles replace relative clauses: читающий книгу студент = студент, который читает книгу. Expanding them clarifies who does what in a reading text.

Meinung versus Bericht

Commentary texts contain evaluative markers (по-моему, meines Erachtens); reports state facts. Identifying genre prevents attributing opinion to a neutral source.

Hedging erkennen

Words like kaum, вряд ли, vermutlich weaken a statement. A hedged sentence cannot support a categorical true/false judgment without qualification.

Sprachmittlung: Adressat

Mediation tasks specify addressee and purpose; these determine register, length, and what may be omitted. Situational fit outweighs literal equivalence.

Kulturrealien erklären

Culture-specific terms such as Datscha or Silvester are rendered with a short target-language gloss rather than transliterated, so the addressee understands the function.

Datumskonventionen

German dates are written 5. März 2024 or 05.03.2024; Russian 5 марта 2024 or 05.03.2024. Convert month names, not just numerals, when mediating.

Höflichkeitsformeln der Korrespondenz

Fixed openings and closings: Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren / Mit freundlichen Grüßen; Уважаемые дамы и господа / С уважением. Match the formality level of the source.

Inhaltsangabe-Regeln

Summary rules: present tense, third person, no opinion, no direct quotation, condensed to about one third of the source. Reporting verbs introduce the author's points.

Konjunktiv I der Redewiedergabe

German indirect speech uses Konjunktiv I: Er sagte, er komme später. It signals reported, not asserted, content and is standard in summaries and mediation.

Argumentationsstruktur

Essay pattern: thesis, body paragraphs with claim–evidence–example, counter-argument, conclusion. Each paragraph carries one argument, not several.

Inhaltspunkte abarbeiten

Writing tasks list required content points. All must be covered; an omitted point costs more than a stylistic weakness. Check them off before editing.

Kohäsionsmittel Russisch

Connectors such as во-первых, кроме того, напротив, следовательно, в заключение structure an argumentative text and signal logical relations to the reader.

Register im Geschäftsbrief

Formal letters avoid contractions and colloquialisms; German uses Sie throughout, Russian uses Вы with capital letter. Consistency of address is part of accuracy.

Claim-Evidence-Example

Body-paragraph pattern: state a claim, support it with evidence, illustrate with a concrete example. This replaces vague general statements in essays.

Verbstellung im Nebensatz

German subordinate clauses with weil, dass, obwohl place the finite verb last. Main clauses keep verb second; an initial adverbial triggers subject-verb inversion.

Wechselpräpositionen

Prepositions like in, auf, an take accusative for direction (ins Kino) and dative for position (im Kino). Direction answers wohin, position answers wo.

Russischer Aspekt

Perfective verbs present an action as completed or single (прочитать); imperfective verbs present process, repetition, or general fact (читать). Choice changes meaning, not tense.

Verbregierung kontrastiv

Russian and German verbs govern different cases: помогать + Dat. (helfen + Dat.), интересоваться + Instr. (sich interessieren für + Akk.), зависеть от + Gen. (abhängen von + Dat.).

Genitivpräpositionen

wegen, trotz, während, statt take the genitive: wegen des Wetters, trotz der Probleme. In spoken German the dative occurs but is not standard in formal writing.

Adjektivdeklination

After definite articles adjectives take weak endings (-e, -en); after ein/kein mixed endings; without article strong endings (-er, -es, -e). The article determines the pattern.

Nullartikel

German omits the article for uncountable nouns, professions, and plural indefinites: Er ist Lehrer, Sie trinkt Milch. Russian has no articles at all, so this must be learned actively.

Zahlwort und Substantiv

After numerals German keeps the plural form only for zwei and drei (zwei Jahre), from five onward the noun stays singular in Russian (пять лет). Contrast the two systems.

Russische Negation

General negation uses не + verb; absence uses нет + genitive (У меня нет времени). Double negation is grammatical in Russian and does not cancel meaning.

Falsche Freunde

Words that look alike but differ: russ. магазин (shop) vs. magazine, germ. Gift (poison) vs. gift, russ. актуальный (current) vs. actual. Check meaning, not form.

Textsorten der Schreibaufgabe

Writing tasks may require a summary, a comment/essay, or a formal letter. Each has its own structure and register; identify the type before drafting.