Egypt Dentistry Licensure Exam cheat sheet

Ludwig angina is a bilateral infection of submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces; airway protection precedes incision and drainage.

Le Fort I fracture separates the maxilla at the piriform rim and pterygomaxillary junction; Le Fort II is pyramidal through the nasal bones; Le Fort III is craniofacial disjunction.

Inferior alveolar nerve block targets the lingula (pterygomandibular space); failure is most often due to too-low or too-medial deposition, or accessory innervation.

Odontogenic keratocyst has a high recurrence rate and is treated by enucleation with adjunctive peripheral ostectomy or Carnoy solution, or marsupialization for large lesions.

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) presents 2-4 days post-extraction with pain but no pus; treatment is irrigation and medicated dressing, not antibiotics alone.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw requires exposed bone for more than 8 weeks in a patient on antiresorptives with no radiation history.

Mandibular angle fractures are most common; Champy miniplate along the external oblique ridge is a tension-band principle, not rigid fixation.

Nerve at risk in sagittal split ramus osteotomy is the inferior alveolar nerve; in Le Fort I it is the infraorbital nerve.

Working length is established 0.5-1.0 mm short of the radiographic apex; electronic apex locator readings are unreliable with pus, blood or patent apex.

Irrigants: sodium hypochlorite dissolves organic tissue and is antimicrobial; EDTA chelates smear layer; chlorhexidine has substantivity but no tissue-dissolving capacity.

C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars and MB2 in maxillary first molars (over 50% prevalence) are the most commonly missed anatomy.

Caries removal endpoint in selective excavation: firm leathery dentin at the periphery of deep lesions; soft dentin may remain over the pulp in permanent teeth.

Hybrid layer forms by resin infiltration of demineralized dentin; wet bonding requires moist dentin, etch-and-rinse, while self-etch does not.

Cuspal coverage is indicated when remaining marginal ridge or cusp support is inadequate; endodontically treated posterior teeth benefit from cuspal coverage.

Post space preparation should leave at least 4-5 mm of apical gutta-percha to maintain the seal.

Class II cavity preparation: proximal box floor should be flat and gingival seat perpendicular to the long axis for amalgam.

Ante's law: the total root surface area of abutments must equal or exceed that of the pontics being replaced.

Minimum occlusal reduction for metal-ceramic is 1.5-2.0 mm; for all-ceramic zirconia 1.0-1.5 mm; finish line should be a rounded shoulder or chamfer.

Kennedy classification: Class I bilateral edentulous posterior; Class II unilateral posterior; Class III unilateral bounded; Class IV anterior crossing midline.

Applegate's rules modify Kennedy classification and require that the most posterior edentulous area determines the class.

Occlusal vertical dimension is restored using the rest position minus 2-4 mm freeway space; verify with phonetics and facial appearance.

Retention of complete dentures is influenced by border seal, saliva, and adaptation; stability resists horizontal forces; support resists vertical seating forces.

Impression for fixed partial denture: wash impression with elastomer after retraction cord; margins must be visible and free of blood or saliva.

Residual ridge resorption is greatest in the first year after extraction and continues at a slower rate; mandible resorbs more than maxilla.

Periodontal disease classification: staging (severity, complexity) and grading (progression rate) per the 2017 World Workshop; stage I-IV, grade A-C.

Clinical attachment loss = probing depth + recession (or minus hyperplasia); it reflects cumulative destruction.

Nonsurgical therapy is the first line; scaling and root planing is re-evaluated at 6-8 weeks before surgical decisions.

Gingival crevicular fluid flow increases with inflammation; bleeding on probing is a sensitive but nonspecific marker.

Aggressive periodontitis (now Stage III/IV Grade C) affects younger patients with rapid attachment loss and familial aggregation.

Guided tissue regeneration uses barrier membranes; success depends on defect morphology (three-wall defects best) and plaque control.

Systemic risk factors include diabetes (HbA1c), smoking, and poorly controlled glucose; smoking reduces bleeding and masks inflammation.

Furcation involvement classification: Grade I incipient, Grade II partial, Grade III through-and-through, Grade IV through-and-through with recession.

Angle classification: Class I normal molar relationship; Class II distal mandible; Class III mesial mandible.

Cephalometric landmarks: SNA measures maxilla to cranial base (~82°), SNB mandible (~80°), ANB difference indicates skeletal pattern.

Eruption timing: first permanent molar and mandibular central incisor at 6 years; canine at 11-12 years; second molar at 12 years.

Nursing bottle caries affects maxillary incisors and first molars; mandibular incisors are spared due to tongue shielding and saliva.

Space maintainers: band-and-loop for single primary molar loss; Nance or transpalatal arch for bilateral loss.

Pulpotomy is indicated for vital primary pulp with coronal involvement; pulpectomy for irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulp.

Crowding in the mixed dentition may resolve with arch growth; serial extraction is reserved for specific predictable patterns.

Functional appliances (twin block, activator) modify mandibular growth in growing Class II patients; timing near peak growth spurt is optimal.

Squamous cell carcinoma most commonly affects the lateral tongue and floor of mouth; risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and HPV-16 for oropharynx.

Leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis; erythroplakia has the highest malignant transformation rate.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: minor (<1 cm, heals in 10-14 days), major (>1 cm, scarring), herpetiform (multiple small).

Lichen planus presents as reticular Wickham striae, erosive or plaque forms; biopsy is required to rule out dysplasia.

Radiolucent lesions: ameloblastoma (multilocular soap-bubble), odontogenic keratocyst, and central giant cell granuloma; radiopaque: odontoma, cementoblastoma.

Panoramic radiograph: ghost images appear on the opposite side of the focal trough; patient positioning errors create distorted images.

Cone-beam CT has higher radiation than panoramic but lower than medical CT; used for implant planning and impacted teeth.

Oral candidiasis: pseudomembranous (thrush) wipes off leaving erythema; chronic hyperplastic does not wipe off and requires biopsy.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely indicated for prosthetic joints; it is indicated for infective endocarditis in high-risk cardiac conditions per current guidelines.

Epinephrine in local anesthetic: maximum 0.2 mg per appointment for healthy adults (about 11 cartridges of 1:100,000, 1.8 mL); limit in cardiac patients.

Metformin and diabetes: check HbA1c; patients with HbA1c above 8% have increased risk of infection and delayed healing.

Warfarin: do not stop for routine extractions if INR is within therapeutic range (2-3); use local hemostatic measures.

Syncope is the most common medical emergency in dental practice; management is supine position, airway, and monitoring.

Adrenal crisis prevention: patients on long-term steroids may need supplementation before major procedures.

Hypertension: elective treatment is deferred if blood pressure exceeds 180/110 mmHg.

Antibiotic choice for odontogenic infection: amoxicillin first line; penicillin allergy uses clindamycin or azithromycin.

Enamel is 96% mineral by weight; ameloblasts are lost after eruption, so enamel cannot regenerate.

Dentin is 70% mineral and contains dentinal tubules; odontoblasts remain vital and form secondary and tertiary dentin.

Pulp tissue: ground substance, odontoblasts, fibroblasts; pulp has no collateral circulation, so inflammation causes pressure and necrosis.

Saliva: primarily from parotid (serous) and submandibular (mixed); resting flow is dominated by submandibular, stimulated by parotid.

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated sodium channels; pKa determines onset; inflammation lowers pH and reduces efficacy.

Cariogenic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus; periodontal pathogens include Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Calcium and phosphate in enamel are in hydroxyapatite; fluoride forms fluorapatite with lower solubility.

Trigeminal nerve: V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular; lingual nerve carries taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue via chorda tympani.

Hand hygiene: alcohol-based rub for routine use; soap and water when hands are visibly soiled or after contact with spores (C. difficile).

Sterilization: autoclave at 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes or 134°C for 3-4 minutes; biological indicators weekly.

High-level disinfection for semicritical items (endoscopes); low-level for noncritical surfaces.

Sharps: never recap by hand; use one-handed scoop or recapping device; dispose in puncture-resistant containers.

Needlestick injury: wash with soap and water, report immediately, evaluate for HIV/HBV/HCV post-exposure prophylaxis.

Informed consent requires capacity, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and documentation; minors require parental consent.

Confidentiality is a core ethical duty; exceptions include reporting of communicable diseases and suspected abuse.

Dental unit waterlines: flush for 20-30 seconds between patients; monitor for biofilm and use appropriate disinfectant.

Ludwig angina is a bilateral infection of submandibular, sublingual and submental spaces; airway protection precedes incision and drainage.

Le Fort I fracture separates the maxilla at the piriform rim and pterygomaxillary junction; Le Fort II is pyramidal through the nasal bones; Le Fort III is craniofacial disjunction.

Inferior alveolar nerve block targets the lingula (pterygomandibular space); failure is most often due to too-low or too-medial deposition, or accessory innervation.

Odontogenic keratocyst has a high recurrence rate and is treated by enucleation with adjunctive peripheral ostectomy or Carnoy solution, or marsupialization for large lesions.

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) presents 2-4 days post-extraction with pain but no pus; treatment is irrigation and medicated dressing, not antibiotics alone.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw requires exposed bone for more than 8 weeks in a patient on antiresorptives with no radiation history.

Mandibular angle fractures are most common; Champy miniplate along the external oblique ridge is a tension-band principle, not rigid fixation.

Nerve at risk in sagittal split ramus osteotomy is the inferior alveolar nerve; in Le Fort I it is the infraorbital nerve.

Working length is established 0.5-1.0 mm short of the radiographic apex; electronic apex locator readings are unreliable with pus, blood or patent apex.

Irrigants: sodium hypochlorite dissolves organic tissue and is antimicrobial; EDTA chelates smear layer; chlorhexidine has substantivity but no tissue-dissolving capacity.

C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars and MB2 in maxillary first molars (over 50% prevalence) are the most commonly missed anatomy.

Caries removal endpoint in selective excavation: firm leathery dentin at the periphery of deep lesions; soft dentin may remain over the pulp in permanent teeth.

Hybrid layer forms by resin infiltration of demineralized dentin; wet bonding requires moist dentin, etch-and-rinse, while self-etch does not.

Cuspal coverage is indicated when remaining marginal ridge or cusp support is inadequate; endodontically treated posterior teeth benefit from cuspal coverage.

Post space preparation should leave at least 4-5 mm of apical gutta-percha to maintain the seal.

Class II cavity preparation: proximal box floor should be flat and gingival seat perpendicular to the long axis for amalgam.

Ante's law: the total root surface area of abutments must equal or exceed that of the pontics being replaced.

Minimum occlusal reduction for metal-ceramic is 1.5-2.0 mm; for all-ceramic zirconia 1.0-1.5 mm; finish line should be a rounded shoulder or chamfer.

Kennedy classification: Class I bilateral edentulous posterior; Class II unilateral posterior; Class III unilateral bounded; Class IV anterior crossing midline.

Applegate's rules modify Kennedy classification and require that the most posterior edentulous area determines the class.

Occlusal vertical dimension is restored using the rest position minus 2-4 mm freeway space; verify with phonetics and facial appearance.

Retention of complete dentures is influenced by border seal, saliva, and adaptation; stability resists horizontal forces; support resists vertical seating forces.

Impression for fixed partial denture: wash impression with elastomer after retraction cord; margins must be visible and free of blood or saliva.

Residual ridge resorption is greatest in the first year after extraction and continues at a slower rate; mandible resorbs more than maxilla.

Periodontal disease classification: staging (severity, complexity) and grading (progression rate) per the 2017 World Workshop; stage I-IV, grade A-C.

Clinical attachment loss = probing depth + recession (or minus hyperplasia); it reflects cumulative destruction.

Nonsurgical therapy is the first line; scaling and root planing is re-evaluated at 6-8 weeks before surgical decisions.

Gingival crevicular fluid flow increases with inflammation; bleeding on probing is a sensitive but nonspecific marker.

Aggressive periodontitis (now Stage III/IV Grade C) affects younger patients with rapid attachment loss and familial aggregation.

Guided tissue regeneration uses barrier membranes; success depends on defect morphology (three-wall defects best) and plaque control.

Systemic risk factors include diabetes (HbA1c), smoking, and poorly controlled glucose; smoking reduces bleeding and masks inflammation.

Furcation involvement classification: Grade I incipient, Grade II partial, Grade III through-and-through, Grade IV through-and-through with recession.

Angle classification: Class I normal molar relationship; Class II distal mandible; Class III mesial mandible.

Cephalometric landmarks: SNA measures maxilla to cranial base (~82°), SNB mandible (~80°), ANB difference indicates skeletal pattern.

Eruption timing: first permanent molar and mandibular central incisor at 6 years; canine at 11-12 years; second molar at 12 years.

Nursing bottle caries affects maxillary incisors and first molars; mandibular incisors are spared due to tongue shielding and saliva.

Space maintainers: band-and-loop for single primary molar loss; Nance or transpalatal arch for bilateral loss.

Pulpotomy is indicated for vital primary pulp with coronal involvement; pulpectomy for irreversibly inflamed or necrotic pulp.

Crowding in the mixed dentition may resolve with arch growth; serial extraction is reserved for specific predictable patterns.

Functional appliances (twin block, activator) modify mandibular growth in growing Class II patients; timing near peak growth spurt is optimal.

Squamous cell carcinoma most commonly affects the lateral tongue and floor of mouth; risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, and HPV-16 for oropharynx.

Leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis; erythroplakia has the highest malignant transformation rate.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: minor (<1 cm, heals in 10-14 days), major (>1 cm, scarring), herpetiform (multiple small).

Lichen planus presents as reticular Wickham striae, erosive or plaque forms; biopsy is required to rule out dysplasia.

Radiolucent lesions: ameloblastoma (multilocular soap-bubble), odontogenic keratocyst, and central giant cell granuloma; radiopaque: odontoma, cementoblastoma.

Panoramic radiograph: ghost images appear on the opposite side of the focal trough; patient positioning errors create distorted images.

Cone-beam CT has higher radiation than panoramic but lower than medical CT; used for implant planning and impacted teeth.

Oral candidiasis: pseudomembranous (thrush) wipes off leaving erythema; chronic hyperplastic does not wipe off and requires biopsy.

Antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely indicated for prosthetic joints; it is indicated for infective endocarditis in high-risk cardiac conditions per current guidelines.

Epinephrine in local anesthetic: maximum 0.2 mg per appointment for healthy adults (about 11 cartridges of 1:100,000, 1.8 mL); limit in cardiac patients.

Metformin and diabetes: check HbA1c; patients with HbA1c above 8% have increased risk of infection and delayed healing.

Warfarin: do not stop for routine extractions if INR is within therapeutic range (2-3); use local hemostatic measures.

Syncope is the most common medical emergency in dental practice; management is supine position, airway, and monitoring.

Adrenal crisis prevention: patients on long-term steroids may need supplementation before major procedures.

Hypertension: elective treatment is deferred if blood pressure exceeds 180/110 mmHg.

Antibiotic choice for odontogenic infection: amoxicillin first line; penicillin allergy uses clindamycin or azithromycin.

Enamel is 96% mineral by weight; ameloblasts are lost after eruption, so enamel cannot regenerate.

Dentin is 70% mineral and contains dentinal tubules; odontoblasts remain vital and form secondary and tertiary dentin.

Pulp tissue: ground substance, odontoblasts, fibroblasts; pulp has no collateral circulation, so inflammation causes pressure and necrosis.

Saliva: primarily from parotid (serous) and submandibular (mixed); resting flow is dominated by submandibular, stimulated by parotid.

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated sodium channels; pKa determines onset; inflammation lowers pH and reduces efficacy.

Cariogenic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus; periodontal pathogens include Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Calcium and phosphate in enamel are in hydroxyapatite; fluoride forms fluorapatite with lower solubility.

Trigeminal nerve: V2 maxillary, V3 mandibular; lingual nerve carries taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue via chorda tympani.

Hand hygiene: alcohol-based rub for routine use; soap and water when hands are visibly soiled or after contact with spores (C. difficile).

Sterilization: autoclave at 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes or 134°C for 3-4 minutes; biological indicators weekly.

High-level disinfection for semicritical items (endoscopes); low-level for noncritical surfaces.

Sharps: never recap by hand; use one-handed scoop or recapping device; dispose in puncture-resistant containers.

Needlestick injury: wash with soap and water, report immediately, evaluate for HIV/HBV/HCV post-exposure prophylaxis.

Informed consent requires capacity, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and documentation; minors require parental consent.

Confidentiality is a core ethical duty; exceptions include reporting of communicable diseases and suspected abuse.

Dental unit waterlines: flush for 20-30 seconds between patients; monitor for biofilm and use appropriate disinfectant.