Madrid PAU German (Alemán II) (Spain Madrid PAU) flashcards
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- Textsignal: jedoch
- Conjunction meaning 'however'. It introduces a contrast to the previous statement and often signals the answer to a comprehension question about the author's real opinion.
- Inferenzfrage
- A comprehension item asking what is implied rather than directly stated. The correct option must be supported by the text without adding facts the passage never mentions.
- Pronomenreferenz 'dabei'
- A pronominal adverb referring back to an action or situation just mentioned. To resolve it, reread the preceding clause and check which activity or circumstance fits grammatically and logically.
- Richtig/Falsch-Strategie
- For each statement, locate the matching passage line. If the statement adds a negation, a quantity, or a cause absent from the text, mark it false.
- Synonymaufgabe
- A task requiring you to match a word from the text with a paraphrase in the question. Meaning matters, not similarity of form, so check the context.
- Überschrift zuordnen
- Matching a headline to a paragraph. The correct headline captures the paragraph's main idea, not a single detail or an example mentioned inside it.
- Akkusativpräpositionen
- The prepositions durch, für, gegen, ohne, um and bis always take the accusative: für den Freund, ohne mich, gegen den Plan, um das Haus.
- Dativpräpositionen
- The prepositions aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu and gegenüber always take the dative: mit dem Bus, nach der Schule, bei meinen Eltern.
- Wechselpräpositionen
- An, auf, in, über, unter, vor, hinter, neben, zwischen take the accusative for direction (Wohin?) and the dative for position (Wo?): in die Stadt vs. in der Stadt.
- Verbzweitstellung
- In a German main clause the conjugated verb occupies the second position. If a time or place phrase comes first, the subject moves after the verb: Heute gehe ich ins Kino.
- Nebensatz: Verb am Ende
- After subordinating conjunctions (weil, dass, wenn, obwohl, damit, als) the conjugated verb goes to the end: Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin.
- Perfekt mit sein
- Verbs of motion or state change (gehen, fahren, kommen, aufstehen, werden) and sein, bleiben, passieren form the perfect with sein: Ich bin nach Berlin gefahren.
- Trennbare Verben
- Verbs with prefixes auf-, an-, mit-, aus-, ein- stress the prefix and split in main clauses: Ich rufe dich um acht Uhr an. In subordinate clauses the prefix stays attached.
- Modalverben Präsens
- Modal verbs change their stem vowel in the singular (ich kann, du kannst, er kann) and take no ending in first and third person singular. The infinitive goes last.
- Konjunktiv II der Höflichkeit
- Forms hätte, wäre, könnte, würde express polite requests and hypothetical situations: Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen? Wenn ich Zeit hätte, würde ich kommen.
- Adjektivdeklination nach 'ein'
- After ein/eine/ein the endings are mixed: nominative masculine and neuter take no ending (ein guter Wein, ein gutes Buch), while accusative masculine takes -en (einen guten Wein).
- Genitivpräpositionen
- Wegen, trotz, während and statt require the genitive: wegen des Regens, trotz der Probleme, während des Unterrichts. Colloquially the dative sometimes appears.
- Formeller Briefanfang
- Formal letters open with 'Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,' or 'Sehr geehrte Frau Müller,' and close with 'Mit freundlichen Grüßen' followed by the signature.
- Informelle Anrede
- Friends and peers are addressed with du and the first name: 'Liebe Anna,' or 'Hallo Tim,'. The closing is 'Viele Grüße' or 'Bis bald'.
- Meinung äußern
- Standard phrases for opinion texts: 'Ich bin der Meinung, dass …', 'Meiner Ansicht nach …', 'Ich halte es für sinnvoll, dass …'. These introduce the thesis clearly.
- Argumentationsstruktur
- An opinion text moves from thesis to two supporting arguments with examples, then a counterargument, and ends with a conclusion introduced by 'Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass …'.
- Konnektoren der Folge
- Deshalb, daher, darum and folglich express consequence and require verb-second position: Ich war krank, deshalb bin ich zu Hause geblieben.
- Konnektoren des Gegensatzes
- Aber, jedoch, trotzdem, dennoch, einerseits … andererseits and im Gegensatz dazu mark contrast. Trotzdem and dennoch occupy position one and trigger inversion.
- Erzählzeit Präteritum
- Narratives use the simple past for the main storyline: war, hatte, ging, sagte. The perfect tense appears mainly in direct speech and dialogue.
- Wortzahl kontrollieren
- The task specifies a range, typically 120–150 words. Plan paragraphs before writing and count words at the end; staying within the range avoids penalties.
- Hauptstädte der DACH-Länder
- Germany's capital is Berlin, Austria's is Vienna (Wien), and Switzerland's is Bern. Bern is the federal city (Bundesstadt), not officially called a capital.
- Schwyzerdütsch
- The Alemannic dialects spoken in German-speaking Switzerland. They dominate everyday speech, while Standard German is used in writing, school, and formal media.
- Österreichisches Deutsch
- Austrian standard German differs in vocabulary and greetings: Erdapfel (potato), Topfen (quark), Jause (snack), and the greeting 'Grüß Gott'.
- Siezen und Duzen
- Adults address strangers and officials with Sie plus surname and title. Du with the first name is used among students, friends, and often colleagues after mutual agreement.
- Das deutsche Schulsystem
- After four years of Grundschule, pupils are tracked into Gymnasium, Realschule, or Hauptschule. The Abitur from the Gymnasium grants university access.
- Tag der Deutschen Einheit
- Celebrated on 3 October, it commemorates German reunification in 1990 and is the only national public holiday set by federal law.
- Pfand und Mülltrennung
- A deposit (Pfand) is charged on many bottles and cans and refunded on return. Households separate waste into paper, packaging, glass, and organic or residual bins.
- Duales Ausbildungssystem
- A German vocational model combining company training with part-time vocational school (Berufsschule). It prepares apprentices for skilled trades and is a frequent cultural topic.