HKCP Intermediate - independent subject foundations key terms

Cardiac troponin evidence of myocardial cell injury that requires separate assessment of acuity and an ischemic or nonischemic mechanism.

The relationship between cardiac function, venous congestion, effective renal perfusion, filtration and treatment responses rather than a single obligatory mechanism.

A renal presentation involving features such as hematuria, active sediment, hypertension and impaired filtration that requires etiological assessment.

A syndrome of substantial urinary protein loss with hypoalbuminemia and associated findings, distinct from a complete histological diagnosis.

A calculated difference among measured serum ions that supports acid-base interpretation using the stated convention and clinical context.

The pressure difference required to produce flow through the relevant airways, distinguished from elastic compliance under appropriate measurement conditions.

Pressure assessed under suitable no-flow inspiratory conditions, helping separate elastic loading from resistance-related components of peak airway pressure.

Uneven matching of regional ventilation and blood flow that can impair gas exchange through mechanisms distinct from a pure shunt.

A clinically meaningful impairment of organ function interpreted using the actual disease, baseline, trajectory and applicable assessment framework.

Abnormally elevated pressure within the portal circulation that can produce ascites, collateral veins and related complications through several causes.

The difference between paired serum and ascitic albumin concentrations in compatible units, used to assess an ascites mechanism.

Brain dysfunction associated with liver disease or portosystemic shunting that requires assessment of precipitating factors and competing causes.

A liver-test pattern suggesting impaired bile formation or flow that requires anatomical, serological and other cause-specific assessment.

Physiological regulation in which a hormone or its effects influence upstream secretion, useful for localizing endocrine dysfunction.

A metabolic state involving increased effective osmolality and relevant clinical disturbance, assessed with hydration, electrolytes and the underlying cause.

An infection whose probability or behavior is influenced by impaired host defenses, requiring interpretation of the specific immune context.

Use of neurological symptoms and examination findings to identify the likely anatomical level before assigning a specific disease cause.

A pattern of worsening performance with sustained or repeated activity that can support a neuromuscular-junction differential in context.

Joint inflammation evaluated through actual swelling, stiffness, distribution, duration and systemic features rather than antibody testing alone.

A cause-specific intervention to address a focus of infection, considered alongside appropriate antimicrobials and physiological support.