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LC Geography practice questions

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Question 1Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

In the rock cycle, which process converts loose sediment into solid sedimentary rock?

  1. Weathering
  2. Metamorphism
  3. Lithification Correct answer.
  4. Partial melting

Explanation

Lithification is the collective term for compaction and cementation, the processes that turn accumulated sediment into coherent sedimentary rock. It follows transport and deposition and precedes any later metamorphism or melting.

Question 2Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which type of plate boundary is associated with the formation of new oceanic crust along a mid-ocean ridge?

  1. Destructive boundary
  2. Conservative boundary
  3. Divergent boundary Correct answer.
  4. Transform boundary

Explanation

At a divergent (constructive) boundary, plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap, cooling to form new oceanic crust. This sea-floor spreading is characteristic of mid-ocean ridges such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Question 3Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which weathering process is primarily a chemical reaction in which minerals absorb water and expand, flaking the rock surface?

  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Freeze-thaw action
  3. Exfoliation
  4. Salt crystallisation Correct answer.

Explanation

Salt crystallisation is a chemical-mechanical process in which saline water enters pores and, as it evaporates, salt crystals grow and exert pressure that flakes the rock. It is common in coastal and arid environments.

Question 4Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

A river's discharge increases sharply and its lag time shortens. Which change in its drainage basin would best explain this?

  1. Increased urbanisation of the floodplain Correct answer.
  2. Replanting of hillslope woodland
  3. Drainage of upland peat bogs
  4. Conversion of pasture to permanent crops

Explanation

Urbanisation replaces permeable surfaces with impermeable tarmac and roofs, and drains carry water rapidly to the channel. This raises peak discharge and reduces lag time by preventing infiltration and slowing of runoff.

Question 5Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process transfers material down a slope by the slow, imperceptible downslope movement of saturated soil?

  1. Soil creep
  2. Rockfall
  3. Solifluction Correct answer.
  4. Slumping

Explanation

Solifluction is the slow downslope flow of water-saturated soil, typically over permafrost or impermeable layers. It is distinguished from creep by the presence of a saturated mobile layer.

Question 6Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which feature forms where a river's velocity decreases sharply on entering a standing body of water?

  1. A waterfall
  2. An oxbow lake
  3. A gorge
  4. A delta Correct answer.

Explanation

When a river enters a lake or sea, its velocity falls and its competence drops, so deposited sediment builds a delta. The classic form is a triangular accumulation of alluvium at the mouth.

Question 7Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

In a meander cross-section, where is the fastest current and where does erosion dominate?

  1. On the river bed, causing downcutting
  2. On the outer bank, causing undercutting Correct answer.
  3. On the inner bank, causing deposition
  4. On the inner bank, causing undercutting

Explanation

Centrifugal force pushes the fastest flow to the outer bank of a meander, where hydraulic action and abrasion erode and undercut the bank, forming a river cliff. The slower inner bank receives deposition, building a slip-off slope.

Question 8Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which glacial process involves the wearing away of bedrock by rock fragments embedded in the base of a glacier?

  1. Nivation
  2. Abrasion Correct answer.
  3. Plucking
  4. Frost shattering

Explanation

Abrasion is the scouring of bedrock by debris carried at the glacier's base, producing rock flour and striations. It differs from plucking, which involves the glacier freezing onto and tearing away blocks of rock.

Question 9Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which landform is produced by glacial deposition at the snout of a glacier where meltwater slows?

  1. Cirque
  2. Terminal moraine Correct answer.
  3. Roche moutonnée
  4. Arête

Explanation

A terminal moraine is a ridge of unsorted till deposited at the maximum extent of a glacier, where the ice front halted and melted. It marks the former limit of glaciation.

Question 10Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which coastal process describes the movement of sediment along a shoreline by waves approaching at an angle?

  1. Swash alignment
  2. Hydraulic action
  3. Longshore drift Correct answer.
  4. Backwash erosion

Explanation

Longshore drift moves sediment in a zigzag path: the swash carries material up the beach at an angle, and the backwash returns it perpendicular to the shore. The net result is transport along the coast in the direction of wave approach.

Question 11Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which feature is formed by deposition of sediment in the sheltered area behind a spit?

  1. Salt marsh Correct answer.
  2. Headland
  3. Sea stack
  4. Wave-cut platform

Explanation

Behind a spit, low-energy water allows fine silt and mud to settle, and vegetation colonises the sediment to form a salt marsh. The sheltering effect of the spit is essential to this depositional environment.

Question 12Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which factor most directly determines the size of material that a river can transport as bedload?

  1. The river's gradient and velocity Correct answer.
  2. The depth of the channel
  3. The river's dissolved load
  4. The width of the floodplain

Explanation

The competence of a river depends on its velocity, which is controlled largely by gradient and discharge. Faster flow can move larger particles, so gradient and velocity determine the maximum size of bedload carried.

Question 13Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process produces a headland with a narrow, steep-sided inlet between it and the mainland?

  1. Submergence of a river valley
  2. Deposition of a tombolo
  3. Deposition of a bar
  4. Erosion of a joint into a cave Correct answer.

Explanation

Where a line of weakness such as a joint is enlarged by hydraulic action and abrasion, a narrow inlet or geo may form. Continued erosion of the cave roof and walls can extend the feature inland.

Question 14Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which atmospheric process causes warm air to rise and cool, forming clouds in the tropics?

  1. Orographic uplift
  2. Frontal uplift
  3. Convectional uplift Correct answer.
  4. Subsidence

Explanation

Intense surface heating in the tropics warms air, which becomes less dense and rises. As it rises it cools and its water vapour condenses, producing towering cumulonimbus clouds and heavy afternoon showers.

Question 15Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which factor is the primary cause of the prevailing low pressure at the equator?

  1. Cold ocean currents
  2. Descending cold air
  3. High insolation and rising warm air Correct answer.
  4. Mountain barriers

Explanation

The equator receives intense insolation all year, so air is heated, expands and rises, creating low surface pressure. The rising air cools and releases latent heat, driving the Hadley circulation.

Question 16Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which biome is characterised by permafrost, low shrubs and a very short growing season?

  1. Tundra Correct answer.
  2. Taiga
  3. Temperate deciduous forest
  4. Savanna

Explanation

The tundra has permanently frozen subsoil (permafrost), which prevents deep rooting and drainage. Only low shrubs, mosses and lichens survive the short, cool growing season.

Question 17Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

In a soil profile, which horizon is typically the zone of accumulation of leached minerals and organic matter?

  1. A horizon
  2. O horizon
  3. C horizon
  4. B horizon Correct answer.

Explanation

The B horizon is the subsoil, where minerals and organic matter leached from above accumulate through illuviation. It is often finer and more clay-rich than the A horizon above it.

Question 18Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which type of mass movement involves a rapid flow of water-saturated debris down a slope?

  1. Rockfall
  2. Rotational slump
  3. Soil creep
  4. Mudflow Correct answer.

Explanation

A mudflow is a rapid, fluid-like movement of water-saturated fine sediment, often triggered by heavy rain or volcanic activity. Its high water content distinguishes it from slides and falls.

Question 19Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which factor would most increase the likelihood of slope failure on a steep hillside?

  1. Increased vegetation cover
  2. Decreased slope angle
  3. Increased pore water pressure Correct answer.
  4. Decreased rainfall

Explanation

High pore water pressure reduces the effective normal stress between particles, lowering friction and shear strength. This makes the slope more prone to failure, particularly after prolonged rainfall.

Question 20Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process is responsible for the formation of a plunge pool at the base of a waterfall?

  1. Lateral erosion
  2. Chemical solution
  3. Deposition of alluvium
  4. Hydraulic action and abrasion Correct answer.

Explanation

Falling water and entrained debris scour the bedrock at the base of a waterfall through hydraulic action and abrasion. The resulting hollow fills with water to form a plunge pool.

Question 21Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which glacial feature indicates the direction of former ice flow?

  1. Kettle hole
  2. Terminal moraine
  3. Drumlin Correct answer.
  4. Erratic

Explanation

A drumlin is an elongated mound of till whose long axis is aligned with the direction of ice movement. The steeper end usually faces up-ice, allowing reconstruction of former flow.

Question 22Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which type of wave is most likely to build up a beach?

  1. Storm wave with a steep face
  2. Constructive wave with a strong swash Correct answer.
  3. Wave with a short wavelength and high frequency
  4. Destructive wave with a long backwash

Explanation

Constructive waves have a strong swash and a weak backwash, so more sediment is pushed up the beach than is removed. They tend to have a long wavelength and low frequency.

Question 23Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which human activity most directly increases coastal erosion by interrupting longshore drift?

  1. Constructing a groyne Correct answer.
  2. Planting marram grass
  3. Beach nourishment
  4. Building a sea wall

Explanation

A groyne traps sediment on its up-drift side but starves the down-drift beach of supply, increasing erosion there. This interruption of longshore drift is a classic management side-effect.

Question 24Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process in the water cycle returns water vapour directly from vegetation to the atmosphere?

  1. Infiltration
  2. Condensation
  3. Transpiration Correct answer.
  4. Evaporation

Explanation

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through plant stomata, returning moisture from vegetation to the atmosphere. Together with evaporation it accounts for the flux of water vapour into the air.

Question 25Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which rock type is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?

  1. Metamorphic
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Igneous Correct answer.
  4. Foliated

Explanation

Igneous rocks crystallise from molten material, either below the surface as intrusive rocks or at the surface as extrusive rocks. Their texture reflects the rate of cooling.

Question 26Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process in the rock cycle describes the breakdown of rock in place by chemical reactions such as hydrolysis and oxidation, without the transport of the broken material?

  1. Mass movement
  2. Deposition
  3. Glacial abrasion
  4. Chemical weathering Correct answer.

Explanation

Chemical weathering is the decomposition of rock minerals in situ through reactions with water and oxygen, for example feldspar converting to clay by hydrolysis. The products remain where they formed until erosion removes them, which distinguishes weathering from transport processes.

Question 27Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

A river flows across a wide, flat floodplain of fine alluvium and then enters a narrow, steep-sided gorge cut into resistant rock. Which change in channel characteristics is most likely?

  1. The channel becomes wider, deeper and slower on the floodplain and narrower and faster in the gorge Correct answer.
  2. The gradient decreases in the gorge because the rock is resistant
  3. The channel becomes narrower and faster on the floodplain and wider and slower in the gorge
  4. Discharge decreases on the floodplain because the channel is wider

Explanation

Channel form adjusts to discharge and gradient: low gradients and unconsolidated banks on a floodplain favour a wide, shallow channel with low velocity. Entering a confined gorge, the same discharge is forced through a narrower cross-section on a steeper bed, raising velocity and erosive power.

Question 28Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which combination of conditions best explains why a limestone upland typically has dry valleys and few surface streams?

  1. High rainfall exceeding infiltration capacity throughout the year
  2. Impermeable clay beneath thin soil forcing water to flow over the surface
  3. Frozen ground preventing water from entering the rock in winter
  4. Permeable rock with joints and bedding planes allowing rapid infiltration and underground drainage Correct answer.

Explanation

Carboniferous limestone is well jointed and permeable, so water sinks rapidly along enlarged fissures and bedding planes, enlarging them by solution. Surface flow is therefore rare and valleys may carry water only in extreme storms, when they were originally cut.

Question 29Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between pressure gradient and wind at the surface in the mid-latitudes?

  1. Wind blows directly along the isobars at the surface because friction removes the Coriolis effect
  2. Wind blows from high to low pressure, deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and slowed by surface friction Correct answer.
  3. Wind blows parallel to the isobars at the surface with no cross-isobar component
  4. Wind blows from low to high pressure and is deflected to the left in the northern hemisphere

Explanation

Air accelerates from higher to lower pressure, and the Coriolis force deflects it to the right of its path in the northern hemisphere. Near the surface, friction reduces wind speed, weakening the Coriolis deflection so the wind crosses the isobars at an angle rather than running parallel to them.

Question 30Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

A warm, moist south-westerly airstream is forced to rise over a mountain range. Which sequence of conditions is expected on the windward and leeward sides respectively?

  1. Clear skies windward and heavy rainfall leeward
  2. Equal rainfall on both sides because the air crosses the same range
  3. Heavy orographic rainfall windward and warmer, drier conditions leeward Correct answer.
  4. Rainfall windward and cooler, moister air leeward

Explanation

Forced ascent over the barrier cools the air adiabatically, raising relative humidity until condensation produces orographic cloud and rain on the windward slope. Descending leeward air warms at the dry adiabatic rate, giving lower relative humidity and a rain shadow.

Question 31Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which characteristic of an igneous rock most directly reflects whether it cooled at the surface or deep underground?

  1. The presence of bedding planes
  2. The rounding of its grains
  3. The colour of its weathered surface
  4. The size of its crystals Correct answer.

Explanation

Slow cooling at depth allows large crystals to grow, producing coarse-grained intrusive rock such as granite, while rapid surface cooling produces fine-grained or glassy extrusive rock such as basalt. Crystal size is therefore the key textural clue to cooling history.

Question 32Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which explanation best accounts for the high erosive power of a glacier advancing over a bedrock valley floor?

  1. Meltwater alone dissolves the bedrock along joints
  2. The weight of the ice and its debris load abrades and quarries the bedrock beneath Correct answer.
  3. The ice melts rapidly and deposits material that later erodes the floor
  4. Freeze-thaw shatters the bedrock into fine particles that are carried away by wind

Explanation

Basal ice carrying rock fragments acts like sandpaper, abrading the floor, while meltwater refreezing in joints plucks blocks away in the process of quarrying. Both processes are powered by the mass and movement of the ice, which is why glacial erosion is so effective.

Question 33Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which statement best explains why a corrie may later contain a small circular lake?

  1. Meltwater dissolves the backwall and creates a sinkhole
  2. The arête collapses and dams the hollow
  3. The over-deepened rock basin behind the threshold holds water after the ice retreats Correct answer.
  4. The moraine at the lip of the corrie blocks the outlet permanently

Explanation

Rotational sliding and abrasion deepen the floor of a corrie while the lip remains higher, so when the ice melts the hollow is a closed basin that fills with water, forming a tarn. The impermeable rock and the raised threshold prevent drainage.

Question 34Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which factor most strongly controls the rate at which chemical weathering of granite occurs in a humid tropical climate?

  1. Low temperature and frequent frost action
  2. High temperature and abundant rainfall supplying water for hydrolysis Correct answer.
  3. High wind speeds causing abrasion
  4. Rapid burial beneath thick sediment

Explanation

Chemical reactions such as hydrolysis proceed faster at high temperature and require abundant water, both of which are supplied in humid tropical climates. This is why deep, intensely weathered regolith and laterite develop there rather than in cold regions.

Question 35Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which of these is the most direct cause of a storm surge along a low-lying coast?

  1. Rapid coastal erosion of cliffs supplying sediment to the beach
  2. Long-term eustatic sea-level rise from melting ice sheets
  3. Low atmospheric pressure and strong onshore winds raising sea level temporarily Correct answer.
  4. Downwelling currents removing water from the shore

Explanation

A storm surge is a short-term rise in sea level caused by the inverted barometer effect of low pressure plus wind stress piling water against the coast. It is a meteorological event lasting hours, distinct from slow, long-term sea-level change.

Question 36Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which sequence best describes the development of a stump from a headland?

  1. Cave, arch, stack, stump Correct answer.
  2. Arch, cave, stump, stack
  3. Stack, cave, arch, stump
  4. Cave, stack, arch, stump

Explanation

Waves exploit a line of weakness to hollow out a cave, which may be cut through the headland to form an arch. The arch roof collapses to leave an isolated stack, which is further eroded at the base and reduced to a stump.

Question 37Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

A beach is backed by a steep cliff and receives waves approaching almost parallel to the shore with a short fetch. Which beach profile is most likely?

  1. A wide beach with a low gradient and extensive offshore bars
  2. A beach with no variation in profile along the coast
  3. A wide, gently sloping beach of fine sand
  4. A narrow, steeply sloping beach of coarse material Correct answer.

Explanation

Short-fetch, steep, plunging waves are destructive and tend to strip material offshore, leaving a narrow, steep beach. Coarser sediment also allows steeper slopes because water drains through it quickly. Constructive swell from a long fetch produces the wide, flat profile instead.

Question 38Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which process transfers water from the land surface to the atmosphere without passing through a plant?

  1. Infiltration into the soil
  2. Transpiration from leaves
  3. Throughflow within the soil
  4. Evaporation from lakes and soil Correct answer.

Explanation

Evaporation is the change of liquid water to vapour from open water and soil surfaces and is a direct return of water to the atmosphere. Transpiration is the plant-mediated route, while infiltration and throughflow move water within the ground.

Question 39Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which combination of slope conditions would most increase the risk of a rapid debris flow after intense rainfall?

  1. Gentle slope, thin soil over porous sandstone and dense grass cover
  2. Steep slope, deep permeable regolith over impermeable rock and loss of vegetation Correct answer.
  3. Steep slope of solid granite with no soil cover
  4. Gentle slope with deep clay soil and intact forest

Explanation

A steep gradient provides the driving stress, while a permeable mantle over an impermeable layer allows water to build up a saturated zone that reduces effective friction. Removing vegetation lowers interception and root reinforcement, so the saturated material can fail rapidly as a flow.

Question 40Core Unit 1: Patterns and Processes in the Physical Environment

Which statement best explains why soil in a hot, humid equatorial region is often nutrient-poor despite rapid plant growth?

  1. Nutrients are held mainly in the vegetation and are quickly leached from the deeply weathered soil Correct answer.
  2. Cold temperatures slow decomposition so nutrients stay locked in the soil
  3. The soil is thin because chemical weathering is very slow
  4. Low rainfall limits the formation of humus in the soil

Explanation

High temperatures and heavy rainfall drive rapid decomposition and uptake, so nutrients cycle quickly through the biomass rather than accumulating in the soil. Intense leaching removes soluble bases from the profile, leaving acidic, deeply weathered soils such as latosols.

Question 41Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which term describes the process by which a river wears away its bed and banks by the abrasive action of the load it carries?

  1. Attrition
  2. Corrasion (abrasion) Correct answer.
  3. Solution (corrosion)
  4. Hydraulic action

Explanation

Corrasion, also called abrasion, occurs when the material transported by a river scrapes and grinds against the channel bed and banks, deepening and widening the channel. It is one of the four main erosion processes rivers exert on their load and surroundings.

Question 42Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

A river flows across a resistant band of rock with a hard cap and a softer layer below, creating a step in its long profile. Which landform is most likely to form at this location?

  1. A floodplain levee
  2. A waterfall with a plunge pool Correct answer.
  3. An oxbow lake
  4. A meander with a slip-off slope

Explanation

Where a resistant band of rock overlies softer rock, differential erosion undercuts the harder cap, creating a vertical drop. The falling water erodes a plunge pool at the base through hydraulic action and corrasion, producing a waterfall and associated gorge.

Question 43Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which process is primarily responsible for the formation of a floodplain in a river's lower course?

  1. Vertical erosion deepening a narrow channel
  2. Glacial plucking of bedrock
  3. Wind deflation of dry alluvium
  4. Lateral erosion and overbank deposition during floods Correct answer.

Explanation

Floodplains form as meanders migrate laterally through erosion and as sediment is deposited when the river overtops its banks during floods. The combination of lateral erosion and repeated overbank deposition builds a broad flat alluvial floor.

Question 44Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which feature is characteristic of a glaciated upland and is formed by the rotational sliding of ice within a hollow on a hillside?

  1. Cirque (corrie) Correct answer.
  2. Arête
  3. Roche moutonnée
  4. Drumlin

Explanation

A cirque, also called a corrie or cwm, is an armchair-shaped hollow formed where ice accumulates and rotates, plucking and abrading the backwall and floor. It often contains a tarn after the ice melts.

Question 45Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

A region experiences a hot, dry summer and a mild, wet winter with scrub vegetation adapted to drought. This climate is best described as which type?

  1. Equatorial
  2. Boreal (taiga)
  3. Tundra
  4. Mediterranean Correct answer.

Explanation

Mediterranean climates have hot dry summers and mild wet winters and support drought-adapted scrub such as maquis and chaparral. They occur on the western margins of continents between roughly 30° and 40° latitude.

Question 46Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which term describes the movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities, contributing to rapid urban growth in many developing regions?

  1. Transhumance
  2. Emigration
  3. Counter-urbanisation
  4. Rural-to-urban migration Correct answer.

Explanation

Rural-to-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside into urban areas, typically driven by push factors such as low farm incomes and pull factors such as employment. It is a major driver of urbanisation in developing regions.

Question 47Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which landform is created by the deposition of material where a river's velocity drops sharply as it enters a standing body of water?

  1. An interlocking spur
  2. A pothole
  3. A gorge
  4. A delta Correct answer.

Explanation

When a river enters a lake or sea, its velocity falls and its load is deposited in distributary channels, building a delta. The shape depends on the balance between river deposition and wave or tidal removal.

Question 48Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which of these best explains why the lower course of a river typically has a gentler gradient and a wider channel than its upper course?

  1. Rainfall intensity is greatest in the lower course
  2. Glacial plucking removes material from the lower valley sides
  3. Increased hydraulic action in the lower course deepens a narrow V-shaped valley
  4. Deposition and lateral erosion widen the channel as the river approaches base level Correct answer.

Explanation

As a river approaches base level, its gradient decreases, so velocity falls and deposition together with lateral erosion widens the valley floor. The result is a broad, gently sloping channel and floodplain rather than the narrow steep upper course.

Question 49Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

A meander bend is eroding rapidly on its outer bank and depositing on its inner bank. Which combination of features is being created at that bend?

  1. A river cliff on the outer bank and a slip-off slope on the inner bank Correct answer.
  2. A plunge pool on the outer bank and a gorge on the inner bank
  3. A levee on the outer bank and a delta on the inner bank
  4. A slip-off slope on the outer bank and a river cliff on the inner bank

Explanation

On a meander, the fastest flow is on the outer bank, so erosion cuts a steep river cliff there, while slower flow on the inner bank deposits material to form a slip-off slope. This asymmetry drives meander migration across the floodplain.

Question 50Core Unit 2: Regional Geography

Which glacial depositional feature is an unsorted mixture of clay, sand and boulders deposited directly beneath or at the margin of an ice sheet?

  1. Till (boulder clay) Correct answer.
  2. Varved lake sediment
  3. Löss
  4. Outwash sand and gravel

Explanation

Till, also called boulder clay, is deposited directly by ice and is characteristically unsorted because melting ice releases material of all sizes together. It forms moraines and ground moraine beneath and at the margins of glaciers.