Allahabad HC Group C cheat sheet
Allahabad HC Group C · Keep the key ideas within reach.
General Knowledge and Current Affairs
Allahabad High Court, established 1866, is India's oldest High Court; seat at Prayagraj, circuit bench at Lucknow.
Article 214 establishes a High Court for each State; Article 215 makes it a court of record; Article 226 gives writ jurisdiction.
Fundamental Rights sit in Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) was called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51); the 42nd Amendment (1976) added Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A).
Uttar Pradesh has 80 Lok Sabha seats and 31 Rajya Sabha seats; the state legislature is bicameral (Vidhan Sabha 403, Vidhan Parishad 100).
The Governor is appointed by the President under Article 155 and holds office during the pleasure of the President (Article 156).
National judicial institutions: Supreme Court (New Delhi), Law Commission, NHRC, and the Election Commission (Article 324) - the EC conducts elections to Parliament, state legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.
Key national dates: Republic Day 26 January, Constitution adopted 26 November 1949 (in force 26 January 1950), National Voters' Day 25 January.
General Hindi
संधि: दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं; स्वर संधि के पाँच भेद - दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण और अयादि।
समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व और बहुव्रीहि; 'चौराहा' द्विगु तथा 'दशानन' बहुव्रीहि का उदाहरण है।
उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है (अ, अन, अधि, अप, प्र, परा, वि, नि, निर्, उप, दुर्, सु); प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है (ता, त्व, आई, इक)।
वाक्य के आठ कारक हैं - कर्ता, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान, संबंध, अधिकरण और संबोधन; विभक्ति चिह्न क्रमशः ने, को, से, के लिए, से, का/की/के, में/पर, हे/अरे।
वाच्य के तीन भेद: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य; 'मोहन ने पत्र लिखा' कर्तृवाच्य है, 'मोहन से पत्र लिखा गया' कर्मवाच्य।
काल तीन मुख्य हैं - वर्तमान, भूत और भविष्य; प्रत्येक के सामान्य, अपूर्ण, पूर्ण और संदिग्ध रूप होते हैं।
अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्णों की आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता वाचक शब्दों सहित), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (जनु/मनु/मानो से संभावना), यमक (शब्द की आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ)।
मुहावरे अर्थ सहित: 'आँख का तारा' - अत्यंत प्रिय; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' - भाग जाना; 'लोहे के चने चबाना' - कठिन कार्य करना; 'अंधे की लाठी' - एकमात्र सहारा।
General English
Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; a word's part of speech depends on its function in the sentence.
Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither, everyone, nobody' are singular; 'either...or / neither...nor' agree with the nearer subject.
Tenses: Present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + past participle) for the earlier of two past actions.
Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; 'They built the bridge' → 'The bridge was built by them.'
Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reporting clause keeps tense; past reporting verb shifts tense back one step; 'this' → 'that', 'today' → 'that day', 'tomorrow' → 'the next day'.
Articles: 'a/an' indefinite (based on sound - 'an hour', 'a university'); 'the' definite for unique things, superlatives, rivers, ranges, and previously mentioned nouns.
Prepositions with fixed collocations: 'good at', 'afraid of', 'married to', 'depend on', 'consist of', 'superior to', 'prefer X to Y'.
One-word substitutions: 'ephemeral' - short-lived; 'inevitable' - unavoidable; 'philanthropist' - lover of mankind; 'verbose' - using too many words; 'candid' - frank.
Computer Knowledge
Hardware vs software: CPU (ALU + control unit + registers) is the 'brain'; primary memory (RAM volatile, ROM non-volatile) vs secondary storage (HDD, SSD, optical).
Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.
Operating systems: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS; functions include process management, memory management, file system, and device drivers.
Shortcut keys: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+F4 close window.
MS Word: .docx; MS Excel: .xlsx with formulas beginning '=' (SUM, AVERAGE, IF, COUNT); MS PowerPoint: .pptx for slide presentations.
Internet basics: WWW, HTTP/HTTPS, URL structure (protocol://domain/path), IP address, DNS, ISP; email format local-part@domain.
Networking devices: router (connects networks, routes packets), switch (connects devices within a LAN), modem (modulates/demodulates signals), hub (broadcasts to all ports).
Cyber safety: strong passwords, two-factor authentication, phishing detection, antivirus updates, and never sharing OTPs; 'firewall' filters network traffic.
Computer Knowledge
The CPU (ALU, control unit, registers) is the 'brain'; primary memory is RAM (volatile) and ROM (non-volatile), while secondary storage includes HDD, SSD, and optical discs.
Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.
Operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, and iOS manage processes, memory, file systems, and device drivers.
Shortcut keys: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+F4 close window.
File formats: MS Word .docx, MS Excel .xlsx with formulas beginning '=' (SUM, AVERAGE, IF, COUNT), MS PowerPoint .pptx for slide presentations.
Internet basics: WWW, HTTP/HTTPS, URL structure protocol://domain/path, IP address, DNS, ISP; an email address has the form local-part@domain.
Networking devices: a router routes packets between networks, a switch connects devices within a LAN, a modem modulates/demodulates signals, and a hub broadcasts to all ports.
Cyber safety: strong passwords, two-factor authentication, phishing detection, updated antivirus, never sharing OTPs; a firewall filters network traffic.