Allahabad HC Group C key terms

A Fundamental Right in the Indian Constitution protecting life and personal liberty. Courts have read into it the right to a fair trial, privacy, clean environment and speedy justice.

Basic freedoms guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, speech and liberty. They are enforceable in courts through writs, mainly against the State.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to issue a constitutional order protecting rights. Common writs include habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto.

The power of courts to examine whether laws and government actions comply with the Constitution. A law found inconsistent with constitutional provisions can be struck down.

The principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features, such as supremacy of the Constitution and judicial review.

The method under Article 368 for changing the Constitution. Some changes need only a special parliamentary majority, while federal provisions also require ratification by half the states.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the State towards social and economic welfare. They are not directly enforceable in court but guide law-making and policy.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India, covering village, block and district levels. It was given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Changes in it influence borrowing costs, inflation and liquidity in the economy.

Actions taken by a central bank to control money supply, credit and interest rates, aiming at price stability and growth. In India it is set by the Monetary Policy Committee.

A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money. It is commonly measured through the Consumer Price Index.

Goods and Services Tax, a single indirect tax on supply of goods and services across India. It replaced many earlier taxes and is levied at central, state and integrated levels.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings. It shows how much the government must borrow to meet its spending needs in a year.

A policy think tank of the Government of India that replaced the Planning Commission in 2015. It advises on development strategy and promotes cooperative federalism among states.

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न विकार को संधि कहते हैं। जैसे विद्या और आलय मिलकर विद्यालय बनते हैं, जहाँ आ और आ के स्थान पर आकार आता है।

संधि से बने शब्द को उसके मूल रूपों में अलग-अलग करके दिखाने की प्रक्रिया। उदाहरण के लिए सूर्योदय का विच्छेद सूर्य और उदय है।

वह संधि जिसमें स्वर के साथ स्वर मिलता है, जैसे देव और इंद्र से देवेंद्र। इसे दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण और अयादि संधियों में बाँटा जाता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से एक नया संक्षिप्त पद बनाने की प्रक्रिया। जैसे राजा का पुत्र मिलकर राजपुत्र बनता है। इसके अनेक भेद होते हैं।

वह समास जिसमें उत्तर पद प्रधान होता है और पूर्व पद कारक के अनुसार लुप्त विभक्ति वाला होता है। जैसे राजपुत्र अर्थात राजा का पुत्र।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द के पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है। जैसे प्र में उपसर्ग जोड़कर प्रगति बनता है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव प्रकट करता है। जैसे लड़कपन में पन प्रत्यय भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ उसके शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न होता है। जैसे आँखों में धूल झोंकना का अर्थ है धोखा देना।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित ऐसा वाक्य जो कोई अनुभवजन्य सत्य या नीति संक्षेप में कहता है। जैसे अंधों में काना राजा का अर्थ है अयोग्य लोगों में थोड़ा योग्य व्यक्ति भी बड़ा माना जाता है।

वे शब्द जिनका अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होता है, जैसे दिन और रात। प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में इनका प्रयोग शब्द ज्ञान जाँचने के लिए होता है।

वे शब्द जो अर्थ में समान या लगभग समान होते हैं, जैसे सूर्य के लिए रवि, भानु और दिनकर। इन्हें समानार्थी शब्द भी कहा जाता है।

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person. A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Two ways of presenting a sentence depending on whether the subject acts or receives the action. In passive voice the object becomes the subject and the verb uses a past participle.

Two ways of reporting spoken words. Direct speech quotes the exact words, while indirect speech reports them with changes in pronouns, tense and time expressions.

A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word, such as time, place or direction. Examples include in, on, at, between and among.

A fixed expression whose meaning is not deducible from its individual words, such as break the ice, which means to start a conversation. Idioms must be learnt as whole units.

A synonym is a word with a similar meaning to another, while an antonym has the opposite meaning. Questions often ask you to choose the word closest or most opposite in sense.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, and a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These tools solve problems on sharing, mixtures and scaling.

A fraction expressed as a part of one hundred. It is used to compare increases, decreases, discounts and marks, and often converts to fractions such as 25 percent equals one-fourth.

The sum of a set of quantities divided by their number. It gives a single representative value and is useful in problems involving speed, marks and daily earnings.

Simple interest is calculated only on the principal for each period, while compound interest is calculated on the principal plus accumulated interest. Compound interest grows faster over time.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time. Problems ask for one of the three when the other two are known, including trains, boats and relative speed cases.

A reasoning question type using statements such as all, some and no to draw a valid conclusion. Venn diagrams help test whether a conclusion necessarily follows from the given statements.

Reasoning problems that describe family links through statements or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a simple family tree prevents confusion of gender and generation.

A reasoning topic where letters or words are converted into a code by a rule, and you must find the rule to decode or encode another word. Common rules involve shifts, reversals and letter positions.

A unique numeric label assigned to a device on a network so data can be sent to the right place. Common formats are IPv4, with four numbers, and IPv6.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address typed in a browser to locate a resource on the web. It typically contains a protocol, domain name and path to the page.

Software used to access and display web pages, such as Chrome, Firefox or Edge. It sends requests to servers and renders the returned HTML content for the user.

An online service that indexes web pages and returns relevant results for a user's query. Examples include Google and Bing, which rank results by relevance and popularity.

LAN is a network covering a small area such as an office, while WAN spans cities or countries and connects multiple LANs. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files and programs and provides a user interface. Examples are Windows, Linux and Android, which allow other software to run.

RAM is volatile working memory that stores data temporarily while a program runs, and its contents are lost on power off. ROM is non-volatile memory holding permanent startup instructions.

The suffix after the dot in a file name that indicates its format, such as .docx for documents or .jpg for images. It helps the operating system choose the right program.

Any software designed to harm, disrupt or gain unauthorized access to a computer system. Viruses, worms, trojans and ransomware are common types, usually countered by antivirus software.

A fraud in which attackers send fake messages or links to trick users into revealing passwords or bank details. Verifying the sender and avoiding suspicious links are basic precautions.

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic using set rules. It blocks unauthorized access while allowing permitted communication.