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The High Court of Judicature at Allahabad was established on 17 March 1866, under the Indian High Courts Act of 1861, making it one of the oldest high courts in the country. It began functioning at Agra before shifting to Allahabad. The 1862 date belongs to the Calcutta, Bombay and Madras high courts, which were the first three chartered high courts.
The Allahabad High Court has its principal seat at Prayagraj and a permanent bench at Lucknow, which was established in 1948. The Lucknow Bench hears cases for the Lucknow and Faizabad divisions. Other divisional headquarters such as Meerut, Varanasi and Kanpur do not have a permanent bench of this court.
Article 217 of the Constitution provides that every judge of a high court is appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal. The appointment is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the state and, where relevant, the Chief Justice of the high court. The Governor and the State Legislature have no appointing power.
Mandamus literally means 'we command' and is issued to compel a public authority to perform a public or statutory duty that it has refused or failed to discharge. Habeas Corpus concerns unlawful detention, Quo Warranto questions the holding of a public office, and Certiorari quashes an order already passed. High courts can issue all these writs under Article 226.
The ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the Allahabad High Court is limited and derives from its letters patent, covering the city of Allahabad and certain specified areas. It does not extend to the entire state for all civil suits. Most civil litigation in Uttar Pradesh is heard by district and subordinate courts, with the high court exercising appellate and revisional jurisdiction.
Under the Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act, 1887, appeals from decrees of a Civil Judge (Senior Division) ordinarily lie to the District Judge. The high court hears second appeals and revisions under the Code of Civil Procedure. A Sub-Divisional Magistrate belongs to the executive magistracy, and a Munsif court is subordinate to the Civil Judge.
The permanent bench at Lucknow was established in 1948 after the amalgamation of the Oudh Chief Court with the Allahabad High Court following independence. It hears cases arising from the Lucknow and Faizabad divisions. The Oudh Chief Court itself had been set up earlier, in 1925, which is a different event.
Article 226 empowers every high court to issue directions, orders and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose, which is the basis for public interest litigation in high courts. Article 32 is the Supreme Court's writ jurisdiction. Article 136 deals with special leave to appeal, and Article 227 concerns superintendence over subordinate courts.
Article 217(1) of the Constitution provides that a high court judge holds office until attaining the age of 62 years. Supreme Court judges retire at 65. The difference reflects the constitutional design of the judicial hierarchy, and the age is verified through the procedure laid down by law.
The Chief Justice is the head of the high court and presides over the full court, which consists of all the judges of the court. Administrative functions are assisted by the Registrar General and other registrars. The Advocate General is the state's chief law officer, and the Governor is the constitutional head of the state, not of the court.
Article 51A(g) makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Fundamental duties were inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. Paying taxes and voting are civic duties but are not listed in Article 51A in that form.
Article 243K provides for a State Election Commission to superintend, direct and control the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections to panchayats. In Uttar Pradesh this function is performed by the State Election Commission. The Election Commission of India conducts parliamentary and state legislative assembly elections, not panchayat polls.
The National Green Tribunal was established by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, with its principal bench at New Delhi. It also has zonal benches at Pune, Bhopal, Kolkata and Chennai. The tribunal exercises jurisdiction over environmental matters and is not a constitutional court, though it is a specialised judicial body.
The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988, reduced the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 21 to 18 years. It amended Article 326. The 42nd and 44th Amendments dealt with other subjects, and the 73rd Amendment concerned panchayats.
Under Article 155 of the Constitution, the Governor of a state is appointed by the President of India by warrant under his hand and seal. The Governor holds office during the pleasure of the President. The Chief Minister and the State Legislative Assembly have no role in the appointment.
Section 19 of the Right to Information Act, 2005, provides that a person aggrieved by a decision of the Central or State Public Information Officer may prefer a first appeal to the officer senior in rank designated as the first appellate authority in the public authority. A second appeal lies to the Information Commission. The high court is not the first appellate forum under the Act.
Article 65 read with the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act provides that in the event of a vacancy, the Vice-President acts as President. If the office of Vice-President is also vacant, the Chief Justice of India, and failing him the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court, discharges the functions. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not in this line of succession.
The Legislative Council is a permanent chamber that is never dissolved, but one-third of its members retire every two years, each member serving a term of six years. This mirrors the scheme for the Rajya Sabha. The Legislative Assembly, by contrast, is subject to dissolution.
Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission constituted by the President every five years to recommend the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the states and the principles governing grants-in-aid. The Reserve Bank manages monetary policy, NITI Aayog is a policy think tank, and the CAG audits government accounts.
Article 165 provides for an Advocate General for each state, whose duty is to advise the Government of the state upon such legal matters as are referred to him and to perform other duties of a legal character assigned by the Governor. He appears on behalf of the state in court. Registration of cases is done by the court's registry, and supervision of the subordinate judiciary rests with the high court.
Article 223 allows the President to appoint a duly qualified person to act as Chief Justice of a high court when the office of Chief Justice is vacant or when the Chief Justice is unable to perform duties. Article 224 deals with additional and acting judges, Article 224A with retired judges sitting at high court sittings, and Article 225 with the jurisdiction of existing high courts.
The words 'for any other purpose' in Article 226 widen the high court's writ jurisdiction beyond fundamental rights so that it can protect ordinary legal rights as well. This distinguishes Article 226 from Article 32, which is confined to enforcement of fundamental rights. The jurisdiction is not limited to the Union government or to criminal matters.
Judicial review flows from Article 13, which renders laws inconsistent with fundamental rights void, and from the writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226. The basic structure doctrine, articulated in Kesavananda Bharati, further limits constitutional amendments. The Preamble and Directive Principles guide interpretation but do not by themselves confer review power, and the Seventh Schedule distributes legislative subjects.
Article 227 vests in every high court superintendence over all courts and tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction, except military tribunals. This power covers both civil and criminal subordinate courts and is administrative as well as judicial in nature. The Governor and the Supreme Court do not exercise this supervisory function over district courts.
Family Courts, established under the Family Courts Act, 1984, deal with matrimonial disputes, maintenance and related family matters, with an emphasis on conciliation. Juvenile matters are handled by Juvenile Justice Boards, revenue disputes by revenue courts, and appeals from the District Judge go to the high court, not to a Family Court.
Article 215 declares that every High Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court, including the power to punish for contempt of itself. This status gives the Allahabad High Court the authority to maintain records of its proceedings and to punish for contempt.
Article 226 of the Constitution empowers every High Court, including the Allahabad High Court, to issue writs, directions, or orders for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose. This writ jurisdiction is wider than the Supreme Court's power under Article 32 because it extends to other legal rights as well.
Article 227 of the Constitution confers on every High Court the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, except military tribunals. This supervisory power enables the Allahabad High Court to ensure that subordinate courts in Uttar Pradesh act within their jurisdiction and according to law.
Under Article 348 of the Constitution, unless Parliament otherwise provides, all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court shall be in the English language. The Allahabad High Court, like other High Courts, conducts its proceedings and delivers judgments in English, although Hindi and Urdu may be used in subordinate courts as provided by law.
Article 41 of the Constitution, a Directive Principle of State Policy, directs the State to make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education, and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement. The Allahabad High Court has relied on this provision in public interest litigation concerning the welfare of senior citizens in Uttar Pradesh.
The writ of certiorari is issued by a High Court to quash an order or decision of a lower court, tribunal, or authority that has acted without jurisdiction or in violation of principles of natural justice or fundamental rights. Since the government order is challenged for violating the right to equality, certiorari is the appropriate writ to quash it.
Section 15(1) of the Right to Information Act, 2005, provides that the State Chief Information Commissioner shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. This provision applies to the Uttar Pradesh State Information Commission as well.
Article 329(b) of the Constitution bars courts from interfering in electoral matters, but it provides that disputes regarding the disqualification of members of the Legislative Assembly are to be decided by the Governor, whose decision is subject to judicial review. The Allahabad High Court can review such decisions, but it does not have original jurisdiction over election disputes, which are heard by the High Court under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Article 224 of the Constitution provides for the appointment of additional and acting judges, and Article 224A allows retired judges to sit in High Courts. However, the establishment of a Bench at a place other than the principal seat is governed by Article 216, which deals with the constitution of High Courts, read with the President's power under Article 224 to establish a Bench. In practice, the Lucknow Bench was established under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, but the constitutional authority for such Benches is derived from Article 216 and the President's orders.
The Witness Protection Scheme, 2018, approved by the Supreme Court, designates the State Legal Services Authority as the authority responsible for implementing witness protection measures in each State. In Uttar Pradesh, the Uttar Pradesh State Legal Services Authority, which functions under the guidance of the Allahabad High Court, oversees the scheme.
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, commonly known as the Ganga Pollution case, was a landmark public interest litigation in which the Supreme Court, and subsequently the Allahabad High Court, addressed the pollution of the Ganga river in Uttar Pradesh and other states. The case established the principle that the right to a clean environment is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21.
Under Section 34 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission has jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services paid as consideration exceeds Rs. 1 crore but does not exceed Rs. 10 crore. This provision applies to the State Commission in Uttar Pradesh, which is subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the Allahabad High Court.
Article 224A of the Constitution allows the Chief Justice of a High Court, with the previous consent of the President, to request a retired judge of that Court or another High Court to sit and act as a judge of the High Court. This provision helps the Allahabad High Court manage its heavy workload by utilizing the services of retired judges.
Under Article 190(3) of the Constitution, if a question arises as to whether a member of a House of a State Legislature has become subject to disqualification, the question is referred to the Governor, whose decision is final. However, the Allahabad High Court can exercise judicial review over the Governor's decision to ensure it complies with the Constitution.
Section 7 of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, provides that the State Government may designate the Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any other officer of equivalent rank as the Maintenance Tribunal for a sub-division. In Uttar Pradesh, the Sub-Divisional Magistrate is the designated Maintenance Tribunal, and the Allahabad High Court has issued directions to ensure effective implementation of the Act.
'निराशा' में 'निर्' उपसर्ग है जो 'आशा' शब्द से पहले लगकर विपरीत अर्थ बनाता है; संधि करते समय 'र्' का 'र' रह जाता है। इसलिए विच्छेद 'निर + आशा' माना जाता है।
यहाँ 'आ' + 'अ' मिलकर 'आ' बनता है, जो दीर्घ संधि का लक्षण है। अतः 'विद्या + अर्थी' सही विच्छेद है और संधि-पूर्व रूप 'विद्यार्थी' प्राप्त होता है।
'पंकज' का अर्थ है कीचड़ (पंक) में जन्म लेने वाला, अर्थात् कमल। यह शब्द कमल के लिए प्रचलित पर्यायवाची है।
विलोम शब्द वे होते हैं जिनका अर्थ एक-दूसरे का उल्टा हो; 'अंधकार' का उल्टा अर्थ 'प्रकाश' से व्यक्त होता है। शेष विकल्प अंधकार के समानार्थी या निकटवर्ती अर्थ देते हैं।
सकर्मक वाक्यों में कर्म प्रधान होने पर क्रिया कर्म के लिंग और वचन के अनुसार चलती है। यहाँ कर्म 'पत्र' पुल्लिंग एकवचन है, इसलिए क्रिया 'लिखा' पुल्लिंग एकवचन में आई है।
क्रिया की सहायता से जिस साधन द्वारा कार्य होता है, वह करण कारक कहलाता है और उसके साथ 'से' या 'के द्वारा' चिह्न आता है। यहाँ 'बाण' मारने का साधन है, अतः करण कारक है।
जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य उपवाक्य और एक आश्रित उपवाक्य हो, वह मिश्र वाक्य कहलाता है। यहाँ 'जो परिश्रम करता है' आश्रित उपवाक्य है और 'वह सफल होता है' मुख्य उपवाक्य।
'सूर्य का उदय' के रूप में पूर्वपद 'सूर्य' में संबंध कारक लुप्त है और उत्तरपद प्रधान है, जो तत्पुरुष (षष्ठी तत्पुरुष) का लक्षण है। समस्त पद का अर्थ उत्तरपद के आधार पर तय होता है।
सहायक क्रिया 'लेना' क्रिया की पूर्णता या कार्य के समाप्त हो जाने का भाव देती है। 'पढ़ ली' से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि पढ़ने का कार्य पूरा हो गया।
मुहावरे का अर्थ उसके शब्दों के शाब्दिक अर्थ से भिन्न होता है; 'आँख का तारा' अत्यंत प्रिय या प्यारे व्यक्ति के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है।