AP LAWCET cheat sheet

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies under Article 32 is called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Ambedkar.

The Directive Principles of State Policy sit in Part IV (Articles 36–51) and are non-justiciable, unlike Fundamental Rights.

Article 368 governs constitutional amendment; the Kesavananda Bharati (1973) judgment established the basic structure doctrine limiting amendability.

Indian polity offices: President is elected indirectly by an electoral college; the Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Key economic indicators: GDP growth, CPI inflation (base year 2012), repo rate set by the RBI Monetary Policy Committee, and the fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP.

National and international bodies to recall: UN (1945, New York), WTO (1995, Geneva), SAARC (1985, Kathmandu), BRICS, G20, and the IMF/World Bank (Bretton Woods, 1944).

Indian geography superlatives: longest river Ganga, highest peak Kangchenjunga (in India), largest state by area Rajasthan, largest freshwater lake Wular.

Number series: test differences, ratios, squares/cubes, and alternating patterns; a second-order constant difference signals a quadratic-type series.

Coding-decoding: map letter positions (A=1 … Z=26); for shift ciphers compute the offset from one known pair, then apply it uniformly.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender symbols; 'brother of my father' = uncle, 'son of my sister' = nephew.

Direction sense: fix north up, treat left/right turns as ±90°, and use Pythagoras to compute net displacement.

Syllogism: apply Venn diagrams; a conclusion follows only if true in every possible diagram consistent with the premises.

Seating arrangement: for linear rows, count positions from both ends (position from left + position from right = total + 1).

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; for trains crossing a platform, total distance = train length + platform length.

Percentages and averages: successive percentage changes multiply (1+a)(1+b); average = sum ÷ count, and shifts in average reveal added/removed values.

Sources of Indian law: Constitution, statutes, judicial precedent (Article 141 - Supreme Court law binds all courts), custom, and personal law.

Legal maxims to recall: res ipsa loquitur (thing speaks for itself), actus reus + mens rea (guilt needs act and intent), audi alteram partem (hear the other side).

Contract essentials under the Indian Contract Act, 1872: offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity, free consent, and lawful object; a contract with a minor is void ab initio.

Torts: negligence requires duty, breach, causation, and damage; strict liability (Rylands v Fletcher) and absolute liability apply to hazardous activities.

Criminal law basics: IPC classifications include cognizable/non-cognizable and bailable/non-bailable offences; mens rea is generally required unless strict liability applies.

Constitutional law: Article 14 (equality), Article 19 (six freedoms), Article 21 (life and personal liberty), Article 226 (High Court writs) versus Article 32 (Supreme Court writs).

Legal reasoning questions: identify the rule stated in the passage, apply it only to the given facts, and avoid importing outside knowledge unless the question allows it.

Hierarchy of courts: Supreme Court > High Courts > District and subordinate courts; writs include habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto.

Constitution adopted 26 November 1949; enforced 26 January 1950; Drafting Committee chaired by Dr B.R. Ambedkar.

Part III (Articles 12–35) holds Fundamental Rights; Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies.

Part IV (Articles 36–51) holds Directive Principles, which are non-justiciable.

Article 368 covers amendment; Kesavananda Bharati (1973) established the basic structure doctrine.

President elected indirectly by an electoral college; Vice-President is ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

RBI's Monetary Policy Committee sets the repo rate; CPI inflation base year is 2012.

International bodies: UN (1945, New York), WTO (1995, Geneva), SAARC (1985, Kathmandu), IMF/World Bank (Bretton Woods, 1944).

Indian geography superlatives: longest river Ganga; highest peak in India Kangchenjunga; largest state by area Rajasthan; largest freshwater lake Wular.

Number series: test differences, ratios, squares/cubes; constant second-order differences indicate a quadratic-type series.

Coding-decoding: map A=1 … Z=26; derive the shift from one known pair, then apply uniformly.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender symbols; brother of father = uncle; son of sister = nephew.

Direction sense: north up, left/right turns are ±90°; use Pythagoras for net displacement.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; a conclusion follows only if true in every possible diagram.

Linear seating: position from left + position from right = total + 1.

Trains: distance = speed × time; crossing a platform uses train length + platform length.

Successive percentage changes multiply as (1+a)(1+b); average = sum ÷ count.

Sources: Constitution, statutes, judicial precedent (Article 141 binds all courts), custom, and personal law.

Maxims: res ipsa loquitur; actus reus + mens rea; audi alteram partem (hear the other side).

Contract essentials under the Indian Contract Act, 1872: offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity, free consent, lawful object; minor's contract is void ab initio.

Negligence needs duty, breach, causation, damage; strict liability (Rylands v Fletcher) and absolute liability apply to hazardous activity.

IPC classifications: cognizable/non-cognizable and bailable/non-bailable; mens rea generally required absent strict liability.

Articles: 14 (equality), 19 (six freedoms), 21 (life and liberty), 226 (High Court writs), 32 (Supreme Court writs).

Legal reasoning: identify the stated rule, apply it only to given facts, avoid importing outside knowledge.

Court hierarchy: Supreme Court > High Courts > District courts; writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto.