AP LAWCET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 32

Constitutional right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr B.R. Ambedkar.

Basic structure doctrine

Principle from Kesavananda Bharati (1973) that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution so as to destroy its essential features, even under Article 368.

Directive Principles

Guidelines in Part IV (Articles 36–51) directing state policy toward social and economic welfare; they are not enforceable in courts.

Repo rate

Rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks; set by the Monetary Policy Committee to manage inflation and liquidity.

Bretton Woods twins

The IMF and the World Bank, created at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference to manage international monetary stability and reconstruction finance.

Kangchenjunga

Highest mountain peak located within India, on the Sikkim–Nepal border; the world's third-highest peak after Everest and K2.

Rajya Sabha Chairman

The Vice-President of India serves ex-officio as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, presiding over its sittings and deciding points of order.

Fiscal deficit

Total government expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings, expressed as a percentage of GDP; measures borrowing requirement.

Constituent Assembly adoption date

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, now celebrated as Republic Day.

SAARC

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, founded in 1985 with its secretariat in Kathmandu, promoting regional cooperation among South Asian states.

Number series rule

Check successive differences first; a constant second difference indicates a quadratic pattern, while constant ratios indicate geometric progression.

Letter position coding

Assign A=1 through Z=26; derive the shift from one known coded pair and apply it uniformly to decode or encode the rest.

Syllogism validity test

A conclusion follows only if it is true in every Venn diagram consistent with the premises; a single counter-diagram makes it invalid.

Linear seating formula

For a row of persons, position from left plus position from right equals total number of persons plus one.

Train crossing platform

Time to cross a platform equals train length plus platform length divided by the train's speed, with units converted consistently.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes a and b produce a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, not the simple sum of the percentages.

Blood relation notation

Draw a family tree using symbols for male, female, and marriage; vertical lines show descent, horizontal lines show siblings or spouses.

Direction displacement

After a sequence of turns, net displacement is found by summing north-south and east-west components, then applying Pythagoras.

Average shift rule

If one item is replaced and the average changes by d, the difference between new and old item equals d multiplied by the number of items.

Clock angle formula

Angle between hands equals |30H − 5.5M| degrees, where H is the hour and M the minutes; take the smaller angle if needed.

Article 141

Law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within India's territory, making Supreme Court precedent authoritative.

Res ipsa loquitur

Latin for the thing speaks for itself; negligence is inferred when the accident's nature implies breach of duty by the defendant's exclusive control.

Mens rea

Guilty mind or criminal intent; generally required along with the prohibited act (actus reus) before an offence is established.

Void ab initio

A transaction invalid from the very beginning; for example, an agreement with a minor under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.

Audi alteram partem

Latin rule meaning hear the other side; no person should be condemned without a fair opportunity to be heard.

Article 21

Guarantees protection of life and personal liberty, and no deprivation except according to procedure established by law.

Habeas corpus

Writ directing that a detained person be produced before the court to test the legality of the detention.

Mandamus

Writ commanding a public authority to perform a legal duty it has failed or refused to perform; not issued against private persons.

Consideration

Something of value exchanged between parties to a contract; under the Indian Contract Act it must be lawful, though it need not be adequate.

Rylands v Fletcher

Rule of strict liability: a person who brings a hazardous thing onto land is liable for escape-caused damage, regardless of negligence.

Cognizable offence

An offence for which police may arrest without a warrant and investigate without a magistrate's permission, as classified in Indian criminal procedure.

Quo warranto

Writ inquiring into the authority by which a person holds a public office; it restrains unlawful occupation of public office.