AP Police Constable cheat sheet

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; 26 January is observed as Republic Day.

Article 356 deals with President's Rule imposed when constitutional machinery fails in a State; it must be approved by Parliament within two months.

The three new criminal laws replacing the IPC, CrPC and Indian Evidence Act took effect on 1 July 2024: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.

The Reserve Bank of India, established on 1 April 1935, sets the repo rate; the Monetary Policy Committee has six members and meets at least four times a year.

Andhra Pradesh was reorganised on 2 June 2014 under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, with Hyderabad as joint capital for up to ten years.

AP Police is headed by the Director General of Police; the State is divided into police ranges and districts, with urban policing under Commissionerates such as Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) investigates offences under scheduled laws such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act; the CBI requires State consent for cases in a State.

Current affairs anchors: G20 Summit 2023 was hosted by India in New Delhi; the 2024 Summer Olympics were held in Paris; Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023.

Average = sum of items / number of items; if each item is increased by k, the average increases by k.

Simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T - P, compounded annually.

Speed = distance / time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Percentage change = (new value - old value) / old value x 100; successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Profit percent = profit / cost price x 100; selling price = cost price x (100 + profit%)/100.

Work: if A finishes a job in x days, A's one-day work is 1/x; combined time for A and B is xy/(x + y) days.

Boats: downstream speed = boat speed + stream speed; upstream speed = boat speed - stream speed.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide N in ratio a:b:c, parts are N x a/(a+b+c), and so on.

Permutations nPr = n!/(n-r)!; combinations nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!], and nCr = nC(n-r).

Number series: check differences first, then ratios, then squares/cubes or alternating two-series patterns before assuming a rule.

Alphabet positions: A=1 to Z=26; reverse position = 27 - forward position, so A=26 and Z=1.

Blood relations: draw a family tree using symbols for male, female, spouse and sibling; treat 'only son of my mother' as the speaker's brother.

Direction sense: net displacement uses Pythagoras when movements are perpendicular; final direction is read from the starting point, not the last step.

Coding-decoding: test letter-shift (+1, -1, +2), reversal, or position-based substitution on one example before applying to the target word.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible Venn diagram.

Clocks: angle between hands = |30H - 5.5M| degrees; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours.

Calendar: a normal year shifts the day by 1, a leap year by 2; 100 years shift by 5 days and 400 years by 0.

Seating arrangement: fix the person with the most constraints first, then place others relative to that anchor.

Newton's second law: force = mass x acceleration (F = ma); SI unit of force is the newton.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R, and resistors in series add while parallel reciprocals add.

pH scale runs 0-14; below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll.

Human blood groups follow the ABO system; O negative is the universal donor for red cells and AB positive the universal recipient.

The human body has 206 bones in adults and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; the normal resting heart rate for adults is about 60-100 beats per minute.

Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration and ATP production; the nucleus contains DNA organised into chromosomes.

Sound travels about 343 m/s in air at room temperature and cannot travel through a vacuum; light travels about 3 x 10^8 m/s in vacuum.

Common chemical formulas: H2SO4 sulphuric acid, NaCl sodium chloride, CO2 carbon dioxide, CaCO3 calcium carbonate, and NH3 ammonia.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885; the partition of Bengal in 1905 triggered the Swadeshi Movement.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on 13 April 1919; the Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1920 and the Civil Disobedience Movement with the Dandi March in 1930.

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and a federal structure; the Indian Independence Act 1947 created India and Pakistan.

The Preamble declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic securing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); Article 21 guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, and Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51) and are non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties are in Article 51A.

The President is elected by an electoral college under Article 54; the Vice-President is elected by both Houses of Parliament.

The Supreme Court's power of judicial review flows from Articles 13, 32 and 226 (High Courts); the basic structure doctrine came from Kesavananda Bharati (1973).

Panchayati Raj was constitutionalised by the 73rd Amendment (1992) and urban local bodies by the 74th Amendment.

India's latitudinal extent is about 8°4'N to 37°6'N and longitudinal extent about 68°7'E to 97°25'E; the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight States.

The Standard Meridian of India is 82°30'E passing through Mirzapur, giving IST = UTC + 5:30.

The Himalayas are young fold mountains; the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats flank the Deccan Plateau, and the Aravallis are among the oldest ranges.

Major rivers: Ganga and Brahmaputra are Himalayan (perennial); Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and Mahanadi are peninsular east-flowing; Narmada and Tapi flow west.

The southwest monsoon (June-September) delivers most rainfall; Mawsynram and Cherrapunji in Meghalaya record among the world's highest rainfall.

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M); real GDP uses constant prices while nominal GDP uses current prices.

Inflation is measured in India by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI); the RBI targets CPI inflation at 4% with a band of plus or minus 2%.

The primary sector covers agriculture and mining, secondary covers manufacturing, tertiary covers services; India's services sector contributes the largest share of GVA.

Fiscal deficit = total expenditure - total receipts excluding borrowings; the Union Budget is presented under Article 112 as the Annual Financial Statement.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between subject and verb do not change number (e.g., 'The list of items is long').

'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither', 'everyone' and 'nobody' are singular and take singular verbs and pronouns.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university), 'the' for specific or unique references.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to the present; past perfect (had + participle) marks the earlier of two past actions.

Passive voice: object becomes subject + form of 'be' + past participle + 'by' agent; only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to match the reporter, and adjust time words (now -> then, today -> that day).

Common error traps: 'discuss about' is wrong (discuss), 'return back' is redundant, 'one of my friends' takes a plural noun with a singular verb.

Idioms for exams: 'at the drop of a hat' = immediately; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = reveal a secret; 'a bolt from the blue' = an unexpected shock.

Antonym/synonym strategy: use the word in a sentence and test the option in the same slot to check meaning and tone.

తెలుగు వర్ణమాలలో 56 అక్షరాలు: 16 అచ్చులు, 36 హల్లులు (సున్నా హల్లులు కలిపి).

అచ్చులు: అ, ఆ, ఇ, ఈ, ఉ, ఊ, ఋ, ౠ, ఌ, ౡ, ఎ, ఏ, ఐ, ఒ, ఓ, ఔ - ఇవి స్వరాలు; హల్లులు వ్యంజనాలు.

గుణింతాలు: హల్లుకు అచ్చు చేరినప్పుడు ఏర్పడే రూపాలు, ఉదా. క్ + అ = క, క్ + ఆ = కా, క్ + ఇ = కి.

సంధి: రెండు పదాలు కలిసేటప్పుడు చెడిపోయిన అక్షరాన్ని పునఃస్థాపన చేయడం; ఉదా. రామ + ఆలయం = రామాలయం (సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి).

సమాసాలు: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్విగు, ద్వంద్వ, బహువ్రీహి, అవ్యయీభావ - ఆరు రకాలు.

పర్యాయపదాలు: సూర్యుడు - భాస్కరుడు, రవి, దినకరుడు; నీరు - జలము, ఉదకము, తోయము.

నానార్థాలు: ఒకే పదానికి అనేక అర్థాలు, ఉదా. 'కరము' అనగా చేయి, పన్ను, కిరణం.

వ్యుత్పత్త్యర్థాలు: పదం యొక్క మూలార్థం ఆధారంగా ఏర్పడే అర్థం; ఉదా. 'పంకజం' = బురదలో పుట్టినది = పద్మం.

ఛందస్సు: తెలుగు పద్యాలలో గణాలు (య, ర, త, భ, జ, స, మ, న, ల, గ) మరియు వృత్తాలు, జాతులు; ఉత్పలమాల, చంపకమాల, మత్తేభం ప్రముఖ వృత్తాలు.