AP Police Constable key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to every citizen by Part III of the Indian Constitution, covering equality, speech, religion, and life. Courts can enforce them against the state through writs.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare, reduce inequality, and protect the environment. They are not enforceable in courts but guide lawmaking.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to order a public authority to act or stop acting unlawfully. Habeas corpus, mandamus, and certiorari are examples.

Constitutional guarantee that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Courts have read privacy and dignity into it.

System of local self-government at village, block, and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment. It reserves seats for women and Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

The directly elected lower house of Parliament, whose members serve five-year terms. It controls the executive through questions, motions, and the money bill procedure.

The indirectly elected upper house of Parliament representing states and union territories. It cannot be dissolved, and one-third of its members retire every two years.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing, or the Consolidated Fund, certified as such by the Speaker. It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.

Economic theory, advanced by Dadabhai Naoroji, that British rule transferred India's resources to Britain through taxes, trade surpluses, and unrequited exports, impoverishing the country.

Land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793, fixing revenue permanently with zamindars as proprietors. It created a loyal landlord class but squeezed peasants.

Policy applied by Lord Dalhousie under which states without a natural heir were annexed by the British. Satara and Jhansi were annexed on this basis, fuelling resentment before 1857.

Mass campaign launched by Gandhi in 1920 urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions. It was suspended in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura violence.

Gandhi's 1930 walk to the Gujarat coast to make salt in defiance of the salt law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement. It drew nationwide participation and international attention.

Seasonal reversal of winds bringing heavy rainfall to India, driven by differential heating of land and sea. The southwest monsoon from June to September delivers most of the annual rain.

A dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range, where descending air has already lost its moisture. Interior Deccan districts lie in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats.

Intense low-pressure storm forming over warm seas, with spiralling winds around a calm eye. India's east coast, especially Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, is frequently hit.

Dark, clay-rich soil formed from volcanic lava, common in the Deccan plateau. It retains moisture well and is suited to cotton, so it is also called cotton soil.

Fertile sediment deposited by rivers, found across the northern plains and deltas. It is rich in potash and lime but often low in nitrogen and phosphorus.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Raising it usually cools inflation by making credit costlier.

A sustained rise in the general price level, reducing the purchasing power of money. It is commonly measured in India by the Consumer Price Index.

The gap between a government's total expenditure and its total receipts excluding borrowings. A large deficit increases public debt and can push up interest rates.

Gross Domestic Product, the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is the standard measure of economic size.

Rule stating that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, at constant temperature. It is written as V equals I times R.

Bending of light when it passes from one medium into another of different optical density. It explains why a stick appears bent in water and how lenses focus light.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring how acidic or alkaline a solution is. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is alkaline.

Process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen. It occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of leaf cells.

Illness caused by lack of a specific vitamin in the diet. Scurvy from vitamin C lack and rickets from vitamin D lack are common examples.

Classification of blood by antigens on red cells, chiefly the ABO and Rh systems. Compatibility must be checked before transfusion to avoid dangerous reactions.

Comparison of two quantities by division and the statement that two ratios are equal. Problems often ask for sharing an amount in a given ratio.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities and show change. Profit, loss, discount, and interest problems all rely on it.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest over multiple periods.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It is used to find missing figures and to compare groups.

Arithmetic topic where the rate of work done per day is combined for several workers. Problems ask how long a task takes when people work together or separately.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding a fixed value or multiplying by a growing factor. The task is to find the next or missing term.

Reasoning task where words or letters are converted into a code by a rule, and the candidate must apply the same rule to a new word.

Reasoning item presenting a pair of related items and asking for another pair with the same relationship, such as part to whole or cause to effect.

Logical reasoning using statements called premises to reach a conclusion. Candidates decide which conclusions follow necessarily from the given statements.

Reasoning puzzles describing family links in text, asking the candidate to identify how two people are related. Drawing a family tree helps solve them.

A fixed expression whose meaning is not deducible from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag'. Exams test recognition and correct usage.

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context. Questions ask candidates to pick the closest match from options.

A word with a meaning opposite to another word. Vocabulary questions test the ability to identify the correct opposite among similar-looking choices.

Two ways of presenting a sentence: active voice makes the doer the subject, passive voice makes the receiver the subject. Transformation questions test this conversion.

Reporting someone's words exactly in quotation marks, or reporting them indirectly with changes in pronouns and tense. Exams test correct conversion between the two.

రెండు పదాలు కలిసేటప్పుడు వాటి మధ్య ఏర్పడే మార్పు. తెలుగు వ్యాకరణంలో సవర్ణదీర్ఘ, గుణ, యడాగమ సంధులు ముఖ్యమైనవి.

రెండు లేదా అధిక పదాలు ఒకే పదంగా మారడం. తత్పురుష, బహువ్రీహి, ద్వంద్వ, కర్మధారయ, ద్విగు సమాసాలు తెలుగులో విస్తారంగా వాడబడతాయి.

పద్యాల గణ, యతి, ప్రాస నియమాలను వివరించే శాస్త్రం. ఉత్పలమాల, చంపకమాల వంటి వృత్తాలు మరియు ఆటవెలది, తేటగీతి వంటి జాతులు ప్రధానమైనవి.

కవిత్వానికి అందం, భావ గాఢత చేకూర్చే శబ్ద, అర్థ భూషణాలు. ఉపమాలంకారం, రూపకాలంకారం, శ్లేషాలంకారం సాధారణ ఉదాహరణలు.