AP Police SI cheat sheet

Andhra Pradesh was reorganized as a residuary state on 2 June 2014 under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014; Hyderabad served as joint capital for up to 10 years.

Amaravati is the planned capital of Andhra Pradesh; the AP Capital Region Authority was constituted in 2015 and the Andhra Pradesh High Court was inaugurated at Amaravati in 2019.

National institutions to remember: RBI (1935, Mumbai), SEBI (1988, Mumbai), NITI Aayog (1 January 2015, replaced Planning Commission), ISRO (1969, Bengaluru).

Space milestones: Chandrayaan-1 (2008), Mangalyaan/Mars Orbiter Mission (2013-14), Chandrayaan-3 soft landing near lunar south pole (23 August 2023), Aditya-L1 solar observatory (2023).

Key indices: Human Development Index is published by UNDP; Global Hunger Index by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe; Ease of Doing Business by the World Bank (discontinued 2021).

Sports honours: Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna is India's highest sporting honour; Ranji Trophy is domestic first-class cricket; Santosh Trophy is national football.

Awards: Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award; Jnanpith for literature; Dadasaheb Phalke for cinema; Param Vir Chakra is the highest wartime gallantry award.

Days: National Voters' Day 25 January; National Science Day 28 February; World Environment Day 5 June; National Sports Day 29 August (Dhyan Chand's birthday).

Percentage change = (new - old)/old x 100; successive changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P x R x T/100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T - 1]; for 2 years CI - SI = P(R/100)^2.

Profit% is always on cost price: SP = CP(1 + profit/100); discount is on marked price: SP = MP(1 - discount/100).

Speed conversion: 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for same distance, time is inversely proportional to speed; relative speed adds when moving opposite, subtracts when same direction.

Work: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to days taken.

Averages: new average after adding value v to n items = (n x old average + v)/(n + 1); in an AP, average = (first + last)/2.

Mixtures: alligation rule gives ratio of quantities = (mean price - cheaper)/(dearer - mean price); repeated dilution leaves final quantity = initial x (1 - replaced/total)^n.

Number system: divisibility by 3 or 9 by digit sum; by 4 by last two digits; by 8 by last three digits; by 11 by alternating digit-sum difference; HCF x LCM = product of two numbers.

Blood relations: draw a family tree using symbols; vertical line = generations, horizontal = siblings/spouse; never assume gender from a name alone.

Direction sense: fix north upward, apply turns in order; net displacement uses Pythagoras when the path forms a right angle.

Series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating patterns; letter series uses A=1 to Z=26 positions.

Coding-decoding: compare letter positions between word and code; shifts of +1, -2, reversal, or position-swap are the most common rules.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; 'Some A are B' does not convert to 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible diagram.

Seating arrangement: for a circle, facing centre means left is clockwise; facing outward means left is anticlockwise; fix one person first, then place others.

Clocks: angle between hands = |30H - 5.5M| degrees; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours and are opposite 11 times in 12 hours.

Calendar: a normal year shifts the weekday by 1, a leap year by 2; 100 years shift by 5 days, 400 years by 0 days.

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949; it came into force on 26 January 1950; the Preamble was amended by the 42nd Amendment (1976) adding socialist, secular and integrity.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies, called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr B R Ambedkar.

Directive Principles are in Part IV (Articles 36-51) and are non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties are in Part IVA (Article 51A), added by the 42nd Amendment on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation.

The President is elected indirectly by an electoral college using the single transferable vote and proportional representation; impeachment is under Article 61.

The Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction is under Article 143; its original jurisdiction covers disputes between the Union and states under Article 131; Article 141 makes its law binding on all courts.

The Election Commission is a constitutional body under Article 324; the Comptroller and Auditor General is under Article 148; the Finance Commission is under Article 280.

Amendments: Article 368 provides three routes - simple majority, special majority, and special majority plus ratification by half the states; the basic structure doctrine comes from Kesavananda Bharati (1973).

Panchayati Raj: the 73rd Amendment (1992) added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 subjects; the 74th Amendment added Part IXA for municipalities with the Twelfth Schedule.

Indus Valley sites: Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan), Mohenjo-daro (Sindh, Great Bath), Lothal (Gujarat, dockyard), Kalibangan (Rajasthan, ploughed field), Dholavira (Kutch, water reservoirs).

Buddhism: founded by Gautama Buddha (born at Lumbini, enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, first sermon at Sarnath, died at Kushinagar); Tripitaka is its canon; four noble truths and eightfold path are core.

Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta Maurya founded it with Chanakya's help; Ashoka's Kalinga war (261 BCE) led to the spread of Dhamma; Ashokan edicts use Prakrit in Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.

Gupta age: Samudragupta's conquests recorded in the Allahabad pillar inscription by Harisena; Aryabhata, Kalidasa and Varahamihira belong to this period.

Delhi Sultanate: five dynasties - Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid and Lodi; Alauddin Khilji's market reforms and Muhammad bin Tughlaq's token currency are frequently asked.

Mughals: Babur won the First Battle of Panipat (1526); Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and Mansabdari system; Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal; Aurangzeb reimposed jizya.

Freedom movement: Revolt of 1857 began at Meerut; INC founded 1885 (first president W C Bonnerjee); Jallianwala Bagh 1919; Dandi March 1930; Quit India 1942; INA led by Subhas Chandra Bose.

Classical dance forms: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Kathakali and Mohiniyattam (Kerala), Odissi (Odisha), Kathak (north India), Manipuri and Sattriya (Assam).

India's extremes: northernmost Indira Col (Siachen), southernmost Indira Point (Great Nicobar), easternmost Kibithu (Arunachal Pradesh), westernmost Guhar Moti (Gujarat).

Rivers: Ganga rises at Gangotri (Bhagirathi), Brahmaputra at Chemayungdung (Tibet), Godavari at Trimbakeshwar (Maharashtra) and is the second longest river in India.

Andhra Pradesh is bounded by Telangana (northwest), Odisha (northeast), Tamil Nadu (south), Karnataka (west) and the Bay of Bengal (east); it has the second longest coastline among Indian states.

AP rivers: Godavari and Krishna are the major east-flowing rivers; Tungabhadra, Vedavathi and Pennar also drain the state; Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam are on the Krishna.

AP physiography: Coastal Andhra plains, Eastern Ghats (Nallamala, Tirumala and Horsley hills), and Rayalaseema's semi-arid plateau; Arma Konda (Jindhagada peak) is the highest point in AP.

AP climate is tropical monsoon: southwest monsoon (June-September) and northeast monsoon (October-December); the northeast monsoon brings most rain to coastal AP.

Soils: black cotton (regur) in Rayalaseema and Krishna-Godavari delta areas, red sandy soils in the uplands, alluvial soils in river deltas, and coastal saline soils near lagoons.

Kolleru is a freshwater lake between Krishna and Godavari deltas; Pulicat lake straddles AP and Tamil Nadu; Sri Venkateswara National Park and Papikonda are AP's tiger-bearing protected areas.

GDP at market prices = C + I + G + (X - M); real GDP uses constant prices, nominal GDP uses current prices; the GDP deflator = nominal/real x 100.

Inflation measures: CPI tracks retail prices (base revised to 2012 by NSO), WPI tracks wholesale prices (base 2011-12, released by the Office of the Economic Adviser); RBI targets CPI inflation at 4% with a 2% band.

Monetary policy tools: repo rate (RBI lends to banks), reverse repo, cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, and open market operations; the Monetary Policy Committee has six members and decides by majority.

Money supply: M1 = currency with public + demand deposits + other deposits with RBI; M3 (broad money) is the most commonly used measure.

Fiscal terms: fiscal deficit = total expenditure - total receipts excluding borrowings; revenue deficit = revenue expenditure - revenue receipts; primary deficit = fiscal deficit - interest payments.

Taxes: direct taxes include income tax and corporate tax; indirect taxes include GST (launched 1 July 2017) and customs duty; GST has slabs of 5, 12, 18 and 28 percent plus cess.

Agriculture: MSP is recommended by the CACP; the Green Revolution is associated with M S Swaminathan and wheat/rice in Punjab, Haryana and western UP.

Poverty and employment: MGNREGA (2005) guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household per year; the Multidimensional Poverty Index is published by UNDP and OPHI.

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; inertia is a body's resistance to change in motion.

SI units: force in newton, pressure in pascal, work and energy in joule, power in watt, frequency in hertz, electric charge in coulomb, resistance in ohm.

Light: reflection obeys angle of incidence = angle of reflection; refraction bends light toward the normal when entering a denser medium; concave mirrors can form real or virtual images, convex mirrors always form diminished virtual images.

Electricity: Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I^2R = V^2/R; household wiring uses parallel circuits so each appliance gets full voltage.

Human body: the heart has four chambers; the largest gland is the liver; the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron; red blood cells are produced in bone marrow and lack a nucleus in mammals.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light gives C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll; respiration releases energy from glucose in mitochondria.

Chemistry: pH below 7 is acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; acids turn blue litmus red; the periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number; noble gases are in Group 18.

Diseases: malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes; dengue by the Aedes aegypti virus; tuberculosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; polio and measles are viral.

AP has 26 districts after the April 2022 reorganisation; the state has three regions - Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and (historically) Telangana, now a separate state.

State symbols: state animal blackbuck, state bird rose-ringed parakeet (pala pitta), state tree neem, state flower jasmine (malli); the state song is 'Maa Telugu Thalliki'.

Kuchipudi, named after Kuchipudi village in Krishna district, is the state classical dance; the state's major festivals include Tirupati Brahmotsavam, Visakha Utsav and Sankranti.

Economy: agriculture and aquaculture dominate; Polavaram multipurpose project on the Godavari, Amaravati capital region, and the Visakhapatnam-Chennai industrial corridor are flagship initiatives.

Temples and heritage: Tirumala Venkateswara temple (Tirupati), Srisailam Mallikarjuna jyotirlinga, Simhachalam (Visakhapatnam), Lepakshi (Sri Sathya Sai district) and Undavalli caves (Guntur).

Education and science: Sri Venkateswara University (Tirupati), Andhra University (Visakhapatnam), IIT Tirupati, NIT Andhra Pradesh (Tadepalligudem), and the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota.

Administration: the state legislature has 175 Assembly seats and 11 Rajya Sabha seats; the Andhra Pradesh High Court sits at Amaravati; the Governor is the constitutional head.

Geography of AP: Godavari and Krishna deltas form the rice bowl; Visakhapatnam is the largest city and a major port; Araku Valley and Lambasingi are known for coffee and cool climate respectively.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for specific or unique items; use 'an' before silent h (an hour) and 'a' before 'university' (yoo sound).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither, everyone' are singular; 'none of' agrees with the noun after it; collective nouns take singular verbs when acting as a unit.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past actions with present relevance; past perfect (had + participle) for the earlier of two past actions; future perfect for completion by a future time.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two; 'on' for days and dates, 'in' for months, years and long periods, 'at' for exact times.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns to match the reporter, backshift the tense if the reporting verb is past, and change time words (now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to the next day).

Common confusions: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (head/main) vs principle (rule); stationary (not moving) vs stationery (writing material); its (possessive) vs it's (it is).

Idioms: 'at the drop of a hat' means immediately; 'a bolt from the blue' means a sudden shock; 'to beat about the bush' means to avoid the main point; 'once in a blue moon' means very rarely.