AP Police SI key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Constitution, enforceable in courts through writs. They cover equality, speech, life, religion and constitutional remedies, and cannot be removed by ordinary law.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the state towards social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and help shape legislation and policy.

The opening statement of the Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic committed to justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. Courts use it as an aid to interpret ambiguous constitutional provisions.

Judicial principle from the Kesavananda Bharati case holding that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features such as secularism, federalism or judicial review.

A formal application to a High Court or the Supreme Court seeking a writ such as habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition or quo warranto to protect fundamental rights or correct legal error.

The power of courts to examine laws and executive actions and declare them invalid if they violate the Constitution. It is exercised by the Supreme Court and High Courts under Articles 32 and 226.

Tenth Schedule provisions that disqualify legislators who voluntarily give up party membership or vote against the party whip. It aims to curb floor-crossing and unstable coalitions in legislatures.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or the Consolidated Fund, certified as such by the Speaker and introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation. The Rajya Sabha cannot amend it.

The statement of estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for a financial year, commonly called the budget, laid before the legislature under Article 112 of the Constitution.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings in a year. It measures how much the government must borrow and is expressed as a percentage of GDP.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Raising it typically tightens credit and cools inflation.

A six-member body chaired by the RBI Governor that sets the policy repo rate to keep inflation within the flexible target of four per cent, plus or minus two percentage points.

A sustained rise in the general price level that reduces the purchasing power of money. In India it is commonly tracked through the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index.

A constitutional body under Article 279A that recommends tax rates, exemptions and thresholds for goods and services tax. It includes the Union Finance Minister and state finance ministers.

The mid-twentieth-century push in Indian agriculture using high-yielding seed varieties, irrigation, fertilisers and credit, which sharply raised wheat and rice output in states such as Punjab and Haryana.

India's dairy development programme associated with Operation Flood, which built cooperative milk collection networks and made the country a leading milk producer.

Measures such as abolition of intermediaries, tenancy regulation and land ceiling laws adopted after independence to reduce rural inequality and improve security of cultivators.

A colonial land revenue arrangement in which the cultivator, called a ryot, was recognised as the direct owner and taxpayer, unlike the zamindari system where intermediaries collected revenue.

The 1793 Bengal land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis, fixing revenue permanently with zamindars who became hereditary owners of the land they supervised.

The transfer of Indian resources to Britain through trade surpluses, salaries, pensions and debt charges, a concept central to Dadabhai Naoroji's economic critique of colonial rule.

The boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian industry that followed the partition of Bengal in 1905, becoming an early mass phase of the freedom struggle.

Gandhi's 1920-22 campaign urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions through boycotts of courts, schools and titles, suspended after the Chauri Chaura violence.

The 1930 campaign launched with the Dandi March against the salt tax, involving deliberate breach of colonial laws and mass participation, followed by the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

The 1942 mass agitation demanding immediate British withdrawal from India, launched by Gandhi with the slogan 'Do or Die' and followed by widespread arrests of leaders.

The 1946 British delegation of Pethick-Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander that proposed a three-tier federal structure and led to the Constituent Assembly elections.

The longest river of peninsular India, rising near Nashik and flowing east across the Deccan into Andhra Pradesh before reaching the Bay of Bengal. It is called Dakshina Ganga.

A major east-flowing peninsular river rising near Mahabaleshwar and passing through Andhra Pradesh, where it forms a large delta. It supports the Nagarjuna Sagar and Prakasam Barrage systems.

A multipurpose irrigation and hydropower project on the Godavari in Eluru district of Andhra Pradesh, featuring a dam and an inter-basin canal network; it is a national project.

The planned capital city of Andhra Pradesh on the southern bank of the Krishna near Vijayawada, developed around the legislature complex and government quarters in Guntur district.

The 2014 parliamentary law that bifurcated Andhra Pradesh, creating Telangana and providing for a successor state of Andhra Pradesh with special provisions and a capital transition period.

A hill region in Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh known for coffee plantations, tribal communities and the Araku coffee brand, located in the Eastern Ghats.

A discontinuous mountain range running along India's eastern coast, crossing Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Its Andhra sections include the Nallamala and Papikonda hills.

The seasonal reversal of winds that brings most of India's annual rainfall, with the southwest monsoon from June to September and the northeast monsoon affecting Andhra Pradesh in winter.

A rapidly rotating storm system with low central pressure and strong winds, formed over warm seas. The Bay of Bengal frequently produces cyclones that strike the Andhra Pradesh coast.

An apparent force caused by Earth's rotation that deflects moving air to the right in the northern hemisphere, shaping wind direction and cyclone circulation.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, carried out mainly in chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration, equalising concentrations over time.

Classification of blood by ABO and Rh antigens on red cells; compatibility matters in transfusion because mismatched antigens can trigger dangerous immune reactions.

Organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal body function. Deficiency diseases include scurvy from lack of vitamin C and rickets from lack of vitamin D.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Problems often involve dividing a sum in a given ratio or finding an unknown term.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100. Percentage problems commonly require finding increase, decrease, profit or loss relative to a base value.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by 100. It does not compound over periods.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest over multiple periods.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. It is used to find a representative value and to solve problems involving replacement or addition of items.

Problems where workers or pipes complete a job at given rates, solved by converting rates into work done per unit time and adding or comparing them.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time. Typical problems involve relative speed, trains crossing objects, and average speed over unequal segments.

A reasoning question presenting statements and conclusions, requiring the candidate to decide which conclusions follow logically from the premises, usually drawn as Venn diagrams.

Reasoning puzzles describing family links through statements or symbols, requiring the candidate to work out how two people are related.

Puzzles placing people in rows or around a circle under given conditions of position and facing direction, solved by fixing one reference point and eliminating possibilities.

Questions where words or numbers are converted into a code by a rule, and the candidate must identify the rule and apply it to a new word or number.

Problems asking for the next term in a sequence of numbers, letters or figures, based on patterns such as differences, multiples, squares or alternating operations.

Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives it. Active voice is direct and preferred in police reports; passive voice shifts focus to the action or receiver.

Reported speech changes pronouns, tense and time words when a speaker's words are narrated rather than quoted. Accuracy in tense backshift is commonly tested.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, with complications from collective nouns, correlative conjunctions and intervening phrases.

Fixed expressions whose meaning differs from the literal words, such as 'to bury the hatchet' meaning to end a quarrel. They are tested through sentence substitution and usage.

Vocabulary questions asking for words with similar meaning or opposite meaning to a given word. Context often decides the correct choice among near-synonyms.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, such as 'a place where bees are kept' with 'apiary'. It tests vocabulary breadth and precision in expression.

The presiding officer of a state assembly who conducts proceedings, maintains order, certifies money bills and decides disqualification questions under the anti-defection law.

The process under Article 368 by which Parliament changes the Constitution, requiring special majorities and, for federal provisions, ratification by half the state legislatures.