APPSC ASO cheat sheet

CPI is compiled by the National Statistical Office under MoSPI; WPI is compiled by the Office of the Economic Adviser, DPIIT. CPI base year is 2012=100 and WPI base year is 2011-12=100.

The Union Budget is presented under Article 112; the Economic Survey is tabled before the Budget; the Appropriation Bill is under Article 114.

The RBI Monetary Policy Committee has six members and sets the repo rate. The flexible inflation target is 4% with a tolerance band of plus or minus 2 percentage points.

UN headquarters is in New York; IMF and World Bank headquarters are in Washington DC; WTO and WHO headquarters are in Geneva.

G20 decisions are generally taken by consensus; the G20 Troika consists of the previous, current and next presidency holders.

COP meetings are held under the UNFCCC; the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and the Paris Agreement in 2015.

Andhra Pradesh has 26 districts, 175 Legislative Assembly seats, 25 Lok Sabha seats and 11 Rajya Sabha seats.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015; CAG is under Article 148, Election Commission under Article 324 and UPSC under Article 315.

The Satavahanas ruled the Deccan, including parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, and patronised Buddhism, Prakrit literature and trade; Amaravati and Pratishthana were important centres.

The Ikshvakus ruled the Krishna valley after the Satavahanas and patronised Buddhist sites such as Nagarjunakonda.

The Pallavas, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiyas of Warangal and Vijayanagara rulers controlled different parts of the Andhra region at different times.

Major cultural sites include the Amaravati Stupa, Nagarjunakonda, Lepakshi and the Tirumala Venkateswara temple.

The Andhra Mahasabha was formed in 1913; the Sri Bagh Pact was concluded in 1937; Andhra State was created in 1953 with Kurnool as capital.

Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 by merging Andhra State with Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State; bifurcation created Telangana in 2014.

Telugu was declared a classical language in 2008; Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from Krishna district; Carnatic music has a strong Telugu tradition.

Ugadi is the Telugu New Year; Sankranti is a major harvest festival; Dasara is celebrated widely across Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh has 26 districts and a coastline of about 974 km; Amaravati is the capital and Visakhapatnam is the largest city.

The Godavari and Krishna are the largest rivers of Andhra Pradesh; other rivers include the Pennar, Tungabhadra, Vamsadhara and Nagavali.

The Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh include the Nallamala, Araku and Papikondalu ranges; Arma Konda is the highest peak in the state.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states; Indira Point is India's southernmost point and Kanyakumari is the mainland's southernmost tip.

The southwest monsoon brings rain from June to September; the northeast monsoon brings rain from October to December; Andhra Pradesh receives both.

Black cotton soil is common in Rayalaseema; red soils are widespread; alluvial soils occur in the Godavari and Krishna deltas.

Major ports include Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Krishnapatnam and Machilipatnam; the Bay of Bengal exposes the coast to cyclones.

Papikonda and Sri Venkateswara are national parks in Andhra Pradesh; mangroves occur in the Krishna and Godavari deltas.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946.

Fundamental Rights are in Articles 12-35; Directive Principles in Articles 36-51; Fundamental Duties in Article 51A; the right to constitutional remedies is Article 32.

The President is covered by Article 52, elected under Article 54 and has pardon powers under Article 72; national emergencies are under Articles 352, 356 and 360.

Parliament is constituted under Article 79; the Lok Sabha has 543 elected members; the Rajya Sabha has 245 members, including 12 nominated.

Constitutional amendment procedure is in Article 368; amendments may require a simple majority, a special majority, or a special majority plus state ratification.

The Supreme Court is under Article 124 and High Courts under Article 214; writs may be issued by the Supreme Court under Article 32 and High Courts under Article 226.

The 73rd Amendment gave constitutional status to panchayats; the 74th Amendment covers municipalities; the GST Council is under Article 279A.

The Governor is appointed under Article 153; the Andhra Pradesh High Court is located at Amaravati and the state has a bicameral legislature.

GDP equals consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports; GDP equals GVA plus taxes on products minus subsidies.

Fiscal deficit equals total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings; revenue deficit equals revenue expenditure minus revenue receipts; primary deficit equals fiscal deficit minus interest payments.

Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends short-term funds to banks; reverse repo absorbs liquidity; CRR and SLR are reserve requirements; MSF provides emergency liquidity.

CPI measures retail inflation and WPI measures wholesale price changes; inflation can be demand-pull or cost-push.

The GST Council recommends GST rates and rules under Article 279A; GST is a destination-based indirect tax on supply of goods and services.

Andhra Pradesh's economy relies on agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture, ports, IT and renewable energy; the Godavari-Krishna delta is a major agricultural zone.

The Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor and major ports support industrial and logistics development in Andhra Pradesh.

Key welfare schemes include MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, Ayushman Bharat and PM Fasal Bima Yojana; Polavaram is a major irrigation project on the Godavari.

Newton's second law is force equals mass times acceleration; speed equals distance divided by time; work equals force times distance; power equals work divided by time.

A pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral and above 7 is basic; photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.

The skin is the largest organ; the liver is the largest gland; mature mammalian red blood cells lack a nucleus; blood pH is about 7.35 to 7.45.

Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour; the ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation.

India has four biodiversity hotspots: the Western Ghats, Himalaya, Indo-Burma and Sundaland; PM2.5 particles can penetrate deep into the lungs.

ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole in 2023; Aditya-L1 is a solar mission; Mangalyaan was India's Mars orbiter mission.

Key technologies include artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, cloud computing and 5G; cybersecurity protects systems from phishing, malware and unauthorised access.

Andhra Pradesh promotes solar and wind energy, IT parks and aquaculture; the Eastern Ghats support rich forest biodiversity.

Average equals sum of observations divided by number of observations; adding a constant to every value adds the same constant to the average.

Clock angle equals the absolute value of 30H minus 5.5M, where H is the hour and M is the minute; if the result exceeds 180 degrees, subtract it from 360.

An ordinary year has one odd day; a leap year has two odd days; 400 consecutive years have zero odd days.

A right turn is clockwise and a left turn is anticlockwise; use Pythagoras to calculate net displacement in direction problems.

In blood-relation problems, draw generations vertically and siblings horizontally; do not assume gender from a relationship word alone.

In syllogism, draw Venn diagrams for all possible arrangements; a conclusion is valid only if it is true in every diagram.

In coding-decoding, write letter positions A=1 to Z=26; the reverse position of a letter is 27 minus its forward position.

In number series, check differences, ratios, squares, cubes and alternating patterns before selecting the next term.

Percentage change equals new value minus old value, divided by old value, multiplied by 100; successive changes a% and b% give a plus b plus ab divided by 100.

Profit percent equals profit divided by cost price multiplied by 100; selling price equals cost price multiplied by 100 plus profit percent, divided by 100.

Simple interest equals principal times rate times time divided by 100; compound amount equals principal times one plus rate divided by frequency, raised to time.

To divide a quantity in ratio a:b, divide it into a plus b parts and multiply by a and b respectively.

If one person completes work in t days, the work rate is 1/t; combined rate is the sum of individual rates; time is the reciprocal of the combined rate.

Speed equals distance divided by time; relative speed is added for opposite directions and subtracted for the same direction.

Average equals total sum divided by count; weighted average equals the sum of value times weight divided by the sum of weights.

Alligation relates the ratio of quantities to the differences between their values and the mean value; use it for mixture and weighted-average problems.

A verb must agree with its subject in number and person; 'one of' plus a plural noun takes a singular verb; each, every, either and neither take singular verbs.

Use 'a' before a consonant sound and 'an' before a vowel sound; use 'the' for a specific or unique item.

Use 'since' with a point of time and 'for' with duration; use 'in' with months and years, 'on' with days and dates, and 'at' with clock times.

Present perfect connects a past action to the present; past perfect describes an action completed before another past action.

In passive voice, the object becomes the subject and the verb uses a form of 'be' plus the past participle.

In indirect speech, change tense, pronouns and time words according to the reporting verb and context.

Idioms must be interpreted as fixed expressions; synonyms and antonyms should be chosen according to context.

In error spotting, check subject-verb agreement, parallelism, articles, prepositions, redundancy and tense consistency.

The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit, control unit and registers; RAM is volatile and ROM is non-volatile; secondary storage retains data permanently.

Ctrl+C copies, Ctrl+X cuts, Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+Z undoes, Ctrl+Y redoes, Ctrl+S saves, Ctrl+P prints and Ctrl+F finds text.

In MS Word, Ctrl+B makes text bold, Ctrl+I italic and Ctrl+U underlined; in Excel, =SUM(A1:A5) adds a range and =AVERAGE(A1:A5) finds the mean.

An operating system manages hardware and software resources; common file extensions include .docx, .xlsx, .pptx and .pdf.

The internet uses IP addresses and DNS to locate resources; HTTPS encrypts web traffic; email fields include To, Cc and Bcc.

Cybersecurity measures include strong passwords, two-factor authentication, firewalls and awareness of phishing and malware.

E-office systems manage electronic files, notes, receipts and approvals with workflow tracking and digital signatures.

Office procedures include receipt and dispatch registers, file numbering, record retention and timely disposal of correspondence.