APPSC ASO key terms

Parliamentary law that split the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014 and arranged division of assets, liabilities, employees and institutions.

Constitutional authority in Andhra Pradesh, constituted under Article 243K, responsible for conducting elections to panchayats and municipalities and preparing electoral rolls for those bodies.

Revenue and administrative subdivision in Andhra Pradesh that groups several villages under a tahsildar, used for land records, welfare delivery and local planning below the division level.

Multi-purpose irrigation and hydroelectric project on the Godavari in Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh; it provides irrigation, drinking water and power and has been declared a national project.

India's second-longest river, rising near Trimbakeshwar in Maharashtra and flowing east through Telangana and Andhra Pradesh into the Bay of Bengal, forming a large delta.

Large freshwater lake between the Krishna and Godavari deltas in Andhra Pradesh, protected as a wildlife sanctuary and Ramsar wetland, important for migratory birds and flood storage.

Discontinuous ancient mountain range running along India's eastern coast, passing through Andhra Pradesh; it includes the Araku and Nallamala hills and supports rich forest biodiversity.

Southern region of Andhra Pradesh comprising Kurnool, Kadapa, Anantapur and Chittoor districts, characterised by semi-arid climate, drought risk and major irrigation projects such as Handri-Neeva.

Basic rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, covering equality, freedom, exploitation, religion, culture and remedies, and enforceable through writ petitions in constitutional courts.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution that direct the state towards social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts but fundamental in governance.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or government spending as defined in Article 110; it can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation.

Emergency provision under Article 356 under which the President assumes functions of a state government when constitutional machinery fails, with Parliament approving its continuation.

The excess of total government expenditure over total receipts excluding borrowings, showing how much the government must borrow to meet its spending gap.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities, used as a key tool of monetary policy.

Constitutional body created by Article 279A to recommend rates, exemptions and administrative rules for the Goods and Services Tax, chaired by the Union Finance Minister.

A sustained rise in the general level of prices of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money and is measured through indices such as the CPI.

Composite index published by UNDP that measures average achievement in health, education and income using life expectancy, schooling and per-capita income indicators.

International treaty adopted in 1971 for the conservation and wise use of wetlands; countries designate Ramsar sites and cooperate on wetland protection.

Natural warming process in which gases such as carbon dioxide and methane trap outgoing infrared radiation, keeping Earth habitable but causing climate change when enhanced by human emissions.

Field of computer science building systems that perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as learning, language understanding, image recognition and decision-making.

A reasoning topic in which a sequence of numbers follows a hidden rule-such as addition, multiplication or squares-and the candidate must find the missing or next term.

Logical reasoning item presenting two or more premises, usually categorical statements, from which the candidate must decide whether a conclusion necessarily follows.

Reasoning puzzle that describes family relationships in sentences or symbols and asks the candidate to identify how two people are related.

Reasoning exercise where words or numbers are written in a code according to a rule, and the candidate must decode given words or apply the same rule to new ones.

A proportion expressed as a number out of 100; used to compare quantities, calculate discounts, interest, marks and growth, and to solve many arithmetic word problems.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for a given period, using the formula principal × rate × time divided by 100 when the rate is annual.

Comparison of two quantities by division and the statement that two ratios are equal; used in mixtures, partnership, map scales and sharing problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, giving a central value used in problems on ages, marks, salaries and mixtures.

Sentence construction in which the subject performs the action of the verb, as in 'The clerk filed the report', contrasted with passive voice.

Reporting a person's exact words inside quotation marks, usually with a reporting verb such as 'said'; converting it to indirect speech changes pronouns and tense.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, tested through vocabulary questions on word equivalence.

System software that manages computer hardware, memory, files and processes and provides services so application programs and users can interact with the machine.

Software application that stores data in rows and columns of cells and can perform calculations, charts and sorting, widely used for office accounting and reports.

Use of information and communication technology by government agencies to deliver services, share information and transact with citizens and businesses efficiently.

Electronic method that uses cryptographic keys to verify the identity of the sender and confirm that a digital message or document has not been altered.

Seventeen global goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity by 2030, guiding national and state development policies.