APTET Paper 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult; instruction should target this range.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when only the appearance changes; it is normally achieved in the concrete operational stage, roughly ages seven to eleven.

Kohlberg preconventional level

The first level of moral reasoning, where right and wrong are judged by punishment avoidance in stage one and by personal reward or exchange of favours in stage two.

Erikson industry vs inferiority

The psychosocial crisis of middle childhood, roughly six to twelve years, resolved positively when children succeed at school and peer tasks and receive recognition, thereby building competence.

Gardner multiple intelligences

Theory proposing eight relatively independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic, so assessment should use varied modes.

Constructivism

Learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information to prior experience, so the teacher acts as facilitator rather than as a transmitter of facts.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during teaching, using observation, questioning, quizzes and portfolios, that gives feedback to adjust instruction; it is assessment for learning rather than grading.

Inclusive education

Placing children with disabilities and diverse needs in regular classrooms with adapted curriculum, aids and support, so that all learners participate together in the same school.

Savarna Deergha Sandhi

A Telugu sandhi rule where two similar vowels combine into one long vowel, as in రామ + ఆలయం becoming రామాలయం, producing a single lengthened sound.

Guna Sandhi

Sandhi in which అ combines with ఇ, ఉ or ఋ to give ఏ, ఓ or అర్, as in సూర్య + ఉదయం becoming సూర్యోదయం.

LSRW skill sequence

The natural order of language development - listening, speaking, reading and writing - which teaching should follow, with receptive skills established before productive skills are formally drilled.

Gurajada Apparao

Telugu writer whose play Kanyasulkam (1892) attacked the bride-price custom, and whose patriotic poem declared the people themselves to be the nation, pioneering a spoken-dialect literary style.

Bilingual method

A teaching method in which the teacher uses the mother tongue to explain meaning and then practises target-language structures, saving time while limiting over-reliance on translation.

Remedial teaching

Planned corrective instruction for learners with identified difficulties, using diagnostic testing, small-group practice, simpler graded materials and repeated reteaching of specific weak points.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, such as /p/ and /b/ in pat and bat; English has around forty-four such units.

Diphthong

A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another within a single syllable, such as the sounds in boy, now and take; standard British English has eight diphthongs.

Passive voice formation

Move the object to subject position, use the correct form of be with the past participle, and place the original subject after by, keeping the tense unchanged.

Communicative Language Teaching

An approach in which classroom tasks are designed for real communication and meaning, using pair work, role play and authentic materials, with fluency and interaction valued alongside accuracy.

Krashen input hypothesis

The claim that a second language is acquired when learners receive comprehensible input slightly beyond their current level, described as i plus one, without conscious grammar drilling.

Simile and metaphor

Both compare two things; a simile states the comparison explicitly with like or as, while a metaphor transfers the quality directly, calling one thing another without such markers.

Scanning vs skimming

Reading skills: skimming is a rapid overview for the gist or general idea, while scanning is a fast search for specific details such as names, dates or numbers.

HCF and LCM product rule

For any two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and their lowest common multiple equals the product of the two numbers themselves.

Compound interest formula

Amount equals principal multiplied by one plus rate divided by one hundred, raised to the number of years, when interest is compounded annually; interest is amount minus principal.

Pythagoras theorem

In a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other two sides; conversely, the relation proves that an angle is a right angle.

Ohm's law

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, giving V equals I multiplied by R.

Photosynthesis equation

Green plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, summarised as six CO2 plus six H2O giving C6H12O6 plus six O2.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022 times ten to the power twenty-three particles and equals the amount of substance whose mass in grams equals its relative molecular mass.

Process skills in science

Observable abilities such as observing, classifying, measuring, inferring, predicting and hypothesising that inquiry-based science teaching develops alongside content knowledge through hands-on investigation.

Fundamental Rights

Six categories guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution: equality, freedom, against exploitation, religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies, enforceable through writs.

73rd Amendment Act

The 1992 constitutional amendment that gave panchayati raj institutions constitutional status, mandating a three-tier structure, five-year terms and reservation for women and Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

Southwest monsoon

Seasonal winds from the Indian Ocean that bring most of India's rainfall between June and September, first striking the Kerala coast in the first week of June.

Source-based history teaching

An approach where learners interpret primary sources such as inscriptions, coins, monuments and travellers' accounts to construct historical claims rather than memorise given conclusions.