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APTET Paper 2 study materials
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APTET Paper 2 practice questions

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Question 1Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget, a child who understands that the quantity of water stays the same when it is poured from a wide beaker into a tall narrow one, but who still cannot reason about abstract hypothetical propositions, is most likely in which stage of cognitive development?

  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-operational
  3. Formal operational
  4. Concrete operational Correct answer.

Explanation

Conservation of liquid quantity is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (roughly 7 to 11 years), in which children reason logically about concrete objects and events but cannot yet handle abstract, hypothetical propositions. Abstract reasoning appears only in the formal operational stage. Pre-operational children typically fail conservation because they centre on one perceptual feature, such as the greater height of the water.

Question 2Child Development and Pedagogy

In Vygotsky's theory, the zone of proximal development refers to:

  1. the store of information that a learner has already accumulated in long-term memory
  2. the set of tasks that a learner can already perform independently and without any assistance
  3. the biological timetable within which a particular skill has to be acquired by the learner
  4. the gap between independent performance and performance with guidance Correct answer.

Explanation

The zone of proximal development is the distance between the level of actual development shown by independent problem solving and the level of potential development reached with adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers. Vygotsky therefore argued that instruction should target tasks a child can do with support rather than only tasks already mastered alone. This is why assisted performance, not unaided performance, is the sensitive index of learning potential.

Question 3Child Development and Pedagogy

A student does not copy in an examination mainly because she is afraid that the invigilator will catch and punish her. In Kohlberg's scheme, this reasoning belongs to which orientation?

  1. Punishment and obedience orientation Correct answer.
  2. Social contract orientation
  3. Good boy-good girl orientation
  4. Universal ethical principle orientation

Explanation

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is governed by external consequences: stage 1 is the punishment and obedience orientation, in which right action is whatever avoids punishment, and stage 2 is a naive instrumental orientation based on rewards. Fear of the invigilator's penalty is therefore a textbook stage 1 response. The good boy-good girl orientation is conventional (stage 3) and the social contract and universal principle orientations are post-conventional.

Question 4Child Development and Pedagogy

A science teacher gives Class VII students a complex experiment. In the first round she provides a step-by-step worksheet and demonstrates the apparatus; in later rounds she withdraws the worksheet and the demonstration as students take charge. This practice best illustrates:

  1. shaping through successive reinforcement of small responses
  2. assimilation of new experience into existing schemes
  3. negative reinforcement to strengthen a behaviour
  4. scaffolding in the zone of proximal development Correct answer.

Explanation

Scaffolding is the provision of temporary, adjustable support such as models, prompts and structured steps, which is progressively withdrawn as competence grows, exactly as Vygotsky's zone of proximal development prescribes. The support is pitched at what learners can do with help and is faded as they take over the task. Reinforcement and shaping concern consequences of behaviour rather than the graded structuring of a task.

Question 5Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class V child's oral answers in science show that he understands the lesson, but he persistently confuses b with d, reverses letter order in words and cannot map letters to their sounds. His reading is slow and effortful. The most likely specific learning disability is:

  1. Dyslexia Correct answer.
  2. Dyspraxia
  3. Dyscalculia
  4. Dysgraphia

Explanation

Dyslexia is a specific difficulty in accurate and fluent word reading, decoding and spelling that persists despite adequate intelligence, instruction and opportunity, and it shows up typically as weak sound-symbol mapping, letter reversals and laboured decoding. Good oral comprehension with poor written decoding is a classic profile. The other conditions affect number, written production or motor coordination rather than phonological decoding.

Question 6Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants her Class VIII students to keep reading outside school. Which of her plans is most likely to build intrinsic motivation rather than only short-term compliance?

  1. letting students choose books and discuss them with peers Correct answer.
  2. announcing a prize for every five books a student finishes
  3. making the reading log part of the term examination marks
  4. displaying a chart that ranks students by pages read

Explanation

Intrinsic motivation grows when an activity meets curiosity, autonomy and a sense of competence, so genuine choice of text plus discussion with peers builds ownership and interest in reading itself. Tangible prizes, marks and public rankings are external controls that can shift attention to the reward and reduce interest once the reward is withdrawn, an effect known as overjustification. The aim is a durable reading habit, not compliance while rewards last.

Question 7Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis that is central for children of primary school age, roughly six to twelve years, is:

  1. autonomy versus shame and doubt
  2. initiative versus guilt
  3. industry versus inferiority Correct answer.
  4. identity versus role confusion

Explanation

During the school years children must master culturally valued tasks such as schoolwork, crafts and games; success brings a sense of competence or industry, while repeated failure, ridicule or exclusion produces inferiority. This makes the teacher's feedback on effort and skill particularly consequential. Initiative versus guilt belongs to the pre-school years, autonomy versus shame to toddlerhood, and identity versus role confusion to adolescence.

Question 8Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that her students have begun greeting the support staff politely, apparently after watching her greet them respectfully every morning. This change is best explained by:

  1. observational learning through modelling Correct answer.
  2. classical conditioning through repeated pairing of stimuli
  3. insight learning after a sudden restructuring of the problem
  4. operant conditioning maintained by a token reward

Explanation

In Bandura's social learning theory new behaviours are acquired by observing a model and later reproducing them, especially when the model is valued and the observed behaviour is seen to be rewarded. The teacher's daily respectful greeting functions as live modelling that students imitate. The conditioning accounts would require paired stimuli or consequences delivered to the students themselves, and insight learning would require a problem solved by perceptual reorganisation.

Question 9Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class IV child reliably conserves number and mass but fails conservation of volume and of displacement. Which interpretation is most consistent with Piaget's theory?

  1. Stage attainment is uneven across tasks: horizontal decalage Correct answer.
  2. The child has regressed to the pre-operational stage on the failed tasks
  3. The tasks are measuring moral stages rather than cognitive development
  4. The child is passing from formal operations back to concrete operations

Explanation

Horizontal decalage refers to the uneven mastery of different concepts that belong to the same stage: number and mass are usually conserved before weight, volume and displacement. It shows that attaining a stage is not an all-or-nothing leap, because the same underlying logical structure is applied to tasks of differing difficulty. Failure on the harder conservation tasks therefore reflects normal within-stage sequencing rather than regression or a different stage.

Question 10Child Development and Pedagogy

A well-known critique of Kohlberg's theory, associated with Carol Gilligan, is that the theory:

  1. used male samples and downgrades an ethic of care Correct answer.
  2. confuses moral reasoning with moral behaviour
  3. denies that moral reasoning develops in stages at all
  4. overestimates the role of peer interaction in moral growth

Explanation

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's stages were derived largely from interviews with boys and men, and that his highest stages privilege abstract justice reasoning, so people who reason in terms of care and relationships appear to score lower. She proposed an ethic of care as a complementary orientation rather than a deficient one. The objection therefore concerns the sample base and the valuing of orientations, not the existence of stages.

Question 11Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who has a schema for 'dog' sees a horse for the first time and calls it a 'big dog'. After the teacher points out the differences, the child changes the existing schema to include a separate category for horses. In Piaget's theory, this change is an example of:

  1. equilibration
  2. conservation
  3. assimilation
  4. accommodation Correct answer.

Explanation

Accommodation occurs when an existing schema is modified or a new schema is created because new information does not fit the old one. Here the child's dog schema is revised after encountering a horse, so the change is accommodation. Assimilation would mean fitting the horse into the existing dog category without changing the schema.

Question 12Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Vygotsky, a young child's audible self-talk while working on a jigsaw puzzle is best understood as:

  1. a self-guiding tool that will later become inner speech Correct answer.
  2. a substitute for adult scaffolding that slows down learning
  3. evidence of cognitive immaturity that should be discouraged
  4. a sign that the child has not yet developed object permanence

Explanation

Vygotsky saw private speech as a tool children use to plan and regulate their own thinking; it gradually becomes internalized as inner speech. It is not merely egocentric noise and should not be suppressed. This self-guidance helps the child control attention and action during a difficult task.

Question 13Child Development and Pedagogy

A student who was repeatedly scolded by a mathematics teacher begins to feel anxious as soon as he enters the mathematics room, even before the teacher arrives. In classical conditioning terms, the mathematics room has become:

  1. a conditioned stimulus Correct answer.
  2. an unconditioned response
  3. an unconditioned stimulus
  4. a reinforcer

Explanation

A neutral place paired repeatedly with scolding becomes a conditioned stimulus that triggers anxiety, a conditioned response. The scolding is the unconditioned stimulus and anxiety to it the unconditioned response. The room itself is not a reward or punishment that increases behaviour, so it is not a reinforcer.

Question 14Child Development and Pedagogy

A student says, 'A rule must be obeyed because it is the law; if everyone broke laws, society would collapse.' In Kohlberg's theory, this reasoning best fits:

  1. Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
  2. Stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation
  3. Stage 3: good boy–nice girl orientation
  4. Stage 4: law and order orientation Correct answer.

Explanation

Stage 4 reasoning values maintaining the social order and obeying legal rules because society depends on them. It is conventional reasoning, not preconventional fear of punishment or personal exchange. Stage 3 focuses on approval and pleasing others, which the student's statement does not mention.

Question 15Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class IX student is preoccupied with 'Who am I?' and keeps trying out different styles and career plans. According to Erikson, the most supportive teacher response is to:

  1. treat the experimentation as deliberate indiscipline
  2. compare the student with a more settled sibling
  3. permit safe role exploration with steady guidance Correct answer.
  4. insist that the student finalize one career immediately

Explanation

Erikson's adolescent crisis is identity versus role confusion; healthy resolution needs opportunities to explore roles with supportive limits. Forcing an early fixed choice or ridiculing exploration can deepen confusion. Comparisons and punishment do not help the student form a coherent identity.

Question 16Child Development and Pedagogy

A 10-year-old child obtains a mental age of 12 years on a standardized intelligence test. Using the original Stanford–Binet ratio formula, the child's IQ is:

  1. 144
  2. 100
  3. 120 Correct answer.
  4. 80

Explanation

Ratio IQ is mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Here 12 ÷ 10 × 100 = 120. A score of 100 would mean mental age equal to chronological age, and 80 would mean below-age performance.

Question 17Child Development and Pedagogy

A science teacher wants assessment to improve her teaching while a unit is still in progress. Which action best illustrates formative assessment?

  1. Using a terminal test to decide who moves to the next class
  2. Sending final grades to parents after the syllabus is over
  3. Conducting the annual examination and preparing a rank list
  4. Analysing students' rough work during a lesson and giving immediate feedback Correct answer.

Explanation

Formative assessment is used during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction, so analysing rough work and giving immediate feedback fits it. Examinations, grades, and promotion decisions after instruction are summative. The purpose, not the length of the task, distinguishes the two.

Question 18Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class VI student reads and writes at an age-appropriate level but consistently struggles with number sense, place value, and basic arithmetic facts despite repeated teaching. The most likely specific learning disability is:

  1. dyslexia
  2. dyscalculia Correct answer.
  3. dyspraxia
  4. dysgraphia

Explanation

Dyscalculia is a specific difficulty with number concepts, arithmetic facts, and calculation despite otherwise adequate instruction and ability. Dyslexia affects reading and spelling, while dysgraphia affects writing and dyspraxia affects motor coordination. The student's reading and writing are age-appropriate, which makes dyscalculia the best match.

Question 19Child Development and Pedagogy

Four-year-olds sit near one another with similar blocks but build separate structures without talking or sharing materials. In Parten's classification, this is:

  1. cooperative play
  2. solitary play
  3. parallel play Correct answer.
  4. associative play

Explanation

Parallel play involves children playing beside others with similar materials but without genuine interaction or shared goals. Associative play includes some interaction and sharing without organized cooperation, while cooperative play requires shared rules and roles. Solitary play occurs when a child plays alone, away from other children.

Question 20Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher revisits the concept of food chains in Classes V, VII, and IX, each time with greater depth and more complex examples. This curriculum decision best reflects:

  1. Pavlov's stimulus generalization
  2. Bandura's vicarious reinforcement
  3. Bruner's spiral curriculum Correct answer.
  4. Skinner's operant shaping

Explanation

Bruner's spiral curriculum organizes content so that key ideas are revisited at increasing levels of complexity and abstraction. The repeated food-chain topic with deeper treatment at each class matches that principle. The other options are learning-conditioning concepts and do not describe curriculum organization.

Question 21Child Development and Pedagogy

A ten-month-old reaches for a toy when it is partly visible under a cloth, but stops searching when the toy is fully covered. In Piaget's theory, this behaviour most directly shows that the infant has not yet developed:

  1. conservation of number
  2. reversible thinking
  3. object permanence Correct answer.
  4. egocentric perspective taking

Explanation

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched. Piaget placed its development in the sensorimotor stage, and a child who stops searching for a fully hidden toy has not yet consolidated it. Conservation, reversibility and egocentric perspective taking are associated with later stages of cognitive development.

Question 22Child Development and Pedagogy

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, a toddler explores happily while the caregiver is present, is upset when the caregiver leaves, and is quickly soothed when she returns. This pattern is classified as:

  1. secure attachment Correct answer.
  2. insecure-avoidant attachment
  3. disorganized attachment
  4. insecure-resistant attachment

Explanation

A secure attachment pattern is marked by using the caregiver as a safe base for exploration, distress at separation, and rapid comforting on reunion. Avoidant, resistant and disorganized patterns show different reunion responses, such as ignoring the caregiver or showing contradictory behaviour.

Question 23Child Development and Pedagogy

Parents who set firm rules, explain the reasons behind them, and listen to the child's point of view are using which parenting style?

  1. uninvolved
  2. permissive
  3. authoritarian
  4. authoritative Correct answer.

Explanation

Authoritative parenting combines high expectations with warmth, explanation and responsiveness to the child's views. Authoritarian parenting is also high on control but low on warmth and explanation, while permissive and uninvolved styles differ in the level of demandingness and responsiveness.

Question 24Child Development and Pedagogy

A child's father loses his job when the local factory closes. The child never visits the factory, but the family's reduced income and the father's stress change the child's daily routine. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the factory closure belongs to the:

  1. microsystem
  2. mesosystem
  3. exosystem Correct answer.
  4. macrosystem

Explanation

In Bronfenbrenner's model, the exosystem consists of settings that the child does not directly experience but that indirectly affect the child's development. The father's workplace and the factory closure influence family income and stress, which then change the child's experiences in the microsystem.

Question 25Child Development and Pedagogy

A child says 'I goed' and 'two mouses' although the adults around her use 'went' and 'mice'. A nativist explanation treats these errors as evidence that the child:

  1. is overgeneralizing rules from an innate language capacity Correct answer.
  2. is copying incorrect forms heard in the immediate environment
  3. is being reinforced for approximations of adult speech
  4. is still restricted to telegraphic two-word speech

Explanation

Nativist accounts, such as Chomsky's, argue that children possess an innate capacity for language that lets them extract grammatical rules from the speech they hear. Errors such as 'goed' and 'mouses' show rule overgeneralization rather than simple imitation or reinforcement, because the child produces forms that adults do not model.

Question 26Child Development and Pedagogy

A student is unusually skilled at identifying plants and classifying rocks, but is average in language and mathematics. In Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, this strength is best classified as:

  1. spatial intelligence
  2. logical-mathematical intelligence
  3. interpersonal intelligence
  4. naturalistic intelligence Correct answer.

Explanation

Gardner's naturalistic intelligence refers to the ability to recognize, classify and work with features of the natural environment, such as plants and rocks. Spatial, interpersonal and logical-mathematical intelligences concern other domains, such as visual representation, social understanding and reasoning with numbers.

Question 27Child Development and Pedagogy

A school reports that Ravi scored at the 85th percentile in mathematics. This score is best described as:

  1. formative, because it guides the teacher's next lesson
  2. diagnostic, because it identifies specific areas of weakness
  3. norm-referenced, because it compares performance with a norm group Correct answer.
  4. criterion-referenced, because it shows mastery of specific objectives

Explanation

A percentile rank compares a student's score with the distribution of scores in a norm group, so it is a norm-referenced interpretation. Criterion-referenced and diagnostic interpretations refer to specific learning objectives or error patterns, not to relative standing within a group.

Question 28Child Development and Pedagogy

A student who fails a mathematics test says, 'I am just not a mathematics person; I will never improve.' In Weiner's attribution theory, this explanation reflects an attribution to:

  1. lack of effort, which is internal and unstable
  2. task difficulty, which is external and stable
  3. bad luck, which is external and unstable
  4. low ability, which is internal, stable and uncontrollable Correct answer.

Explanation

In Weiner's attribution theory, ability is typically perceived as an internal, stable and uncontrollable cause. Attributing failure to low ability in this stable way is associated with reduced persistence and learned helplessness. Effort, task difficulty and luck differ in locus, stability or controllability.

Question 29Child Development and Pedagogy

Piaget used a specific term for the self-regulatory process through which a child resolves cognitive conflict and moves toward a more stable understanding. This process is called:

  1. equilibration Correct answer.
  2. centration
  3. accommodation
  4. assimilation

Explanation

Equilibration is Piaget's term for the self-regulatory process by which cognitive conflict is resolved and a more stable cognitive organization is achieved. Assimilation and accommodation are the complementary processes involved, while centration is a characteristic of preoperational thought in which attention is focused on one feature at a time.

Question 30Child Development and Pedagogy

Which statement best captures the main difference between Piaget and Vygotsky regarding instruction?

  1. Piaget held that cognitive development must precede instruction, while Vygotsky held that instruction can lead development. Correct answer.
  2. Piaget held that social interaction is central, while Vygotsky held that individual exploration is central.
  3. Piaget held that language drives cognitive development, while Vygotsky held that action drives it.
  4. Piaget held that instruction should mainly transmit facts, while Vygotsky held that it should be discovery-based.

Explanation

Piaget generally treated cognitive development as a precondition for learning, so instruction should match the child's current stage. Vygotsky argued that instruction can be effective when it is aimed at the zone of proximal development and can therefore lead development forward.

Question 31Child Development and Pedagogy

In a Class III science activity, two identical balls of clay are shown. One ball is rolled into a long snake. A child says, 'The snake has more clay because it is longer.' This response is most directly explained by difficulty with Piaget's concept of:

  1. classification
  2. conservation Correct answer.
  3. object permanence
  4. seriation

Explanation

Conservation is the understanding that a quantity stays the same when only its appearance changes. The child focuses on the length of the snake and ignores the amount of clay, which is typical of centration in Piaget's preoperational stage. The correct response is therefore conservation.

Question 32Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class V teacher gives students a model-building project and displays completed work. A student who finishes says, 'I can make things that work.' In Erikson's theory, this reflects resolution of which psychosocial stage?

  1. industry versus inferiority Correct answer.
  2. autonomy versus shame and doubt
  3. trust versus mistrust
  4. initiative versus guilt

Explanation

In Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage, children in middle childhood seek competence through completing tasks and receiving recognition. The student's statement about making things that work reflects industry. Trust versus mistrust belongs to infancy, and initiative versus guilt belongs to early childhood.

Question 33Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class VII teacher wants a student who rarely submits homework to submit it regularly. The teacher praises the student immediately each time homework is submitted, and submissions increase. This procedure is best described as:

  1. punishment
  2. negative reinforcement
  3. extinction
  4. positive reinforcement Correct answer.

Explanation

Positive reinforcement occurs when a pleasant consequence is added after a behavior and the behavior increases. Praise is added after homework submission, and submissions rise, so the procedure is positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement would involve removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 34Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class VIII student cannot solve a quadratic equation alone, but can solve it when the teacher provides a worked example and gradually withdraws hints. The gap between what the student can do alone and with this support is Vygotsky's:

  1. Piaget's concept of conservation
  2. Skinner's principle of operant extinction
  3. Erikson's stage of identity diffusion
  4. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development Correct answer.

Explanation

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the distance between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person. The worked example and fading hints are scaffolding within that zone. Conservation belongs to Piaget, and identity diffusion belongs to Erikson.

Question 35Child Development and Pedagogy

A child says, 'I should not copy in the test because the teacher will catch me and I will be punished.' In Kohlberg's theory, this reasoning belongs to:

  1. conventional level
  2. formal operational stage
  3. postconventional level
  4. preconventional level Correct answer.

Explanation

Kohlberg's preconventional level is based on self-interest and consequences to the child, especially punishment and reward. Saying one should not copy because the teacher will punish reflects punishment and obedience orientation. Conventional reasoning would appeal to social approval or law, while postconventional reasoning would appeal to abstract principles.

Question 36Child Development and Pedagogy

In an experiment, children watch an adult hit a large doll and receive no consequences. Later, in a room with the doll, the children imitate the hitting. This result is best explained by:

  1. operant extinction
  2. maturational unfolding of aggression
  3. observational learning Correct answer.
  4. classical conditioning

Explanation

Observational learning occurs when a person acquires or performs a behavior after watching a model. The children imitated the adult's hitting even though they received no direct reinforcement, which is consistent with Bandura's social learning theory. Classical conditioning would require pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflex-like response.

Question 37Child Development and Pedagogy

A mathematics test consistently gives similar scores on repeated administrations, but most items require long reading passages, so it actually measures reading comprehension more than mathematics. The test is:

  1. valid but not reliable
  2. both reliable and valid
  3. neither reliable nor valid
  4. reliable but not valid Correct answer.

Explanation

Reliability refers to consistency of scores across occasions or raters, while validity refers to whether a test measures the construct it is intended to measure. A mathematics test that gives stable scores but mainly taps reading comprehension is reliable but not valid for mathematics. Good items must support valid inferences, not merely consistent ones.

Question 38Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher places students in small groups to prepare a poster. Each member is assigned a distinct role (researcher, writer, illustrator, presenter), and each is tested individually on the content. This arrangement best illustrates:

  1. cooperative learning Correct answer.
  2. individualized learning
  3. competitive learning
  4. direct instruction

Explanation

Cooperative learning structures group work so that members depend on one another and remain individually accountable for learning. Assigned roles create positive interdependence, and individual testing prevents freeloading. Direct instruction and individualized learning do not require this combination of group roles and individual accountability.

Question 39Child Development and Pedagogy

A student complains of a stomach ache whenever a difficult mathematics test is announced. The teacher sends the student to the sick room, and the complaints become more frequent before tests. In operant terms, the teacher's action functions as:

  1. response cost
  2. presentation punishment
  3. negative reinforcement Correct answer.
  4. positive reinforcement

Explanation

Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus after the behavior. The complaint removes the student from the difficult test situation, and the complaint becomes more frequent, so the teacher's action is negative reinforcement. Punishment would weaken the complaint, and positive reinforcement would add a desirable stimulus.

Question 40Child Development and Pedagogy

A Class IX student pauses while reading a textbook chapter, realizes that she has not understood a paragraph, and rereads it using a summary strategy. This behavior is best classified as:

  1. classical conditioning of anxiety
  2. metacognitive monitoring Correct answer.
  3. learned helplessness attribution
  4. rote memorization of facts

Explanation

Metacognition is knowledge and regulation of one's own thinking, including monitoring comprehension and choosing a repair strategy. The student notices a breakdown in understanding and rereads with a summary strategy, which is metacognitive monitoring and control. Rote memorization would involve repetition without checking understanding.

Question 41Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

తెలుగు సంధి సూత్రాల ప్రకారం 'రామ + ఆలయం' పదాలకు సంధి జరిగినప్పుడు ఏర్పడే సరైన రూపం ఏది?

  1. రామాలయములు
  2. రామాయలం
  3. రామాలయం Correct answer.
  4. రామలయం

Explanation

అకారానికి అకారం పరమైనప్పుడు సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి జరిగి రెండూ కలిసి దీర్ఘాకారంగా మారతాయి. కాబట్టి 'రామ' + 'ఆలయం' = 'రామాలయం' అనే రూపం ఏర్పడుతుంది. ఇది తెలుగు వ్యాకరణంలో సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధికి ప్రామాణిక ఉదాహరణ.

Question 42Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'ఆమె ముఖం చంద్రుని వలె ప్రకాశిస్తోంది' అనే వాక్యంలో ఏ అలంకారం ఉంది?

  1. రూపకాలంకారం
  2. అతిశయోక్తి అలంకారం
  3. ఉపమాలంకారం Correct answer.
  4. శ్లేషాలంకారం

Explanation

ఉపమాలంకారంలో ఉపమేయాన్ని ఉపమానంతో 'వలె, లాంటి, వంటి' వంటి ఉపమావాచక పదాలతో పోలుస్తారు. ఇక్కడ ముఖాన్ని చంద్రునితో 'వలె' అనే పదం ద్వారా పోల్చడం జరిగింది. అందువల్ల ఇది ఉపమాలంకారం.

Question 43Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

తెలుగు ఛందస్సులో 'ఉత్పలమాల' పద్యం ప్రతి పాదంలో ఎన్ని అక్షరాలు ఉంటాయి?

  1. ఇరవై ఒకటి
  2. పంతొమ్మిది
  3. పద్దెనిమిది
  4. ఇరవై Correct answer.

Explanation

ఉత్పలమాల ఒక సమవృత్తం; దాని ప్రతి పాదంలో ఇరవై అక్షరాలు ఉంటాయి. ఈ పద్యంలో నాలుగు పాదాలు ఉంటాయి మరియు నిర్దిష్ట గణక్రమం పాటించాలి. ఛందస్సులో వృత్తాలను పాదాల అక్షర సంఖ్య ఆధారంగా గుర్తిస్తారు.

Question 44Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'నీలమేఘం' అనే పదంలో ఏ సమాసం ఉంది?

  1. ద్వంద్వ సమాసం
  2. బహువ్రీహి సమాసం
  3. కర్మధారయం Correct answer.
  4. ద్విగు సమాసం

Explanation

కర్మధారయ సమాసంలో పూర్వపదం విశేషణంగా ఉండి పరపదాన్ని విశేషిస్తుంది. 'నీలమేఘం' అంటే నీలమైన మేఘం; ఇక్కడ 'నీల' అనే విశేషణం 'మేఘ' అనే విశేష్యాన్ని విశేషిస్తోంది. అందువల్ల ఇది విశేషణ పూర్వపద కర్మధారయ సమాసం.

Question 45Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'మహాప్రస్థానం' కావ్యాన్ని రచించిన కవి ఎవరు?

  1. సి. నారాయణ రెడ్డి
  2. శ్రీశ్రీ Correct answer.
  3. విశ్వనాథ సత్యనారాయణ
  4. దాశరథి కృష్ణమాచార్య

Explanation

'మహాప్రస్థానం' ఆధునిక తెలుగు కవిత్వంలో అభ్యుదయ భావాలను ప్రతిబింబించే ప్రసిద్ధ కావ్యం. దీనిని శ్రీశ్రీ రచించారు; ఇది తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో నూతన కవితా ఉద్యమానికి మార్గదర్శకమైంది. కాబట్టి సరైన సమాధానం శ్రీశ్రీ.

Question 46Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

భాషా బోధనలో విద్యార్థుల 'శ్రవణ కౌశలం' అభివృద్ధి చేయడానికి అత్యంత సరైన కృత్యం ఏది?

  1. బిగ్గరగా చదివి స్వంత వ్యాసం రాయడం
  2. పాఠం విని ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబు చెప్పడం Correct answer.
  3. వ్యాకరణ సూత్రాలను పదే పదే కంఠస్థం చేయడం
  4. పద్యాలను లిఖిత రూపంలో పదే పదే సాధన చేయడం

Explanation

శ్రవణ కౌశలం అనేది వినడం ద్వారా అర్థగ్రహణం చేసే సామర్థ్యం. ఉపాధ్యాయుడు చదివిన పాఠాన్ని విద్యార్థులు శ్రద్ధగా విని, అందుకు సంబంధించిన ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబు చెప్పడం ద్వారా ఈ నైపుణ్యం పెరుగుతుంది. ఇతర కృత్యాలు రచన, పఠన లేదా కంఠస్థ సామర్థ్యాలను ప్రధానంగా ప్రోత్సహిస్తాయి.

Question 47Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'పాదాక్రాంతుడు' అనే పదంలో ఏ సమాసం ఉంది?

  1. కర్మధారయ సమాసం
  2. బహువ్రీహి సమాసం
  3. ద్వంద్వ సమాసం
  4. తత్పురుష సమాసం Correct answer.

Explanation

'పాదాక్రాంతుడు' అంటే పాదాలచే ఆక్రాంతుడు అని అర్థం. ఇందులో పూర్వపదం 'పాద' తృతీయా విభక్తి అర్థాన్ని సూచిస్తూ పరపదం 'ఆక్రాంతుడు'కు సంబంధించింది. అందువల్ల ఇది తృతీయా తత్పురుష సమాసం.

Question 48Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

భాషా బోధనలో 'సంభాషణ పద్ధతి' ప్రధానంగా ఏ నైపుణ్యాన్ని అభివృద్ధి చేయడానికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది?

  1. మౌఖిక భాషా నైపుణ్యం Correct answer.
  2. రచనా నైపుణ్యం
  3. వ్యాకరణ నియమాల జ్ఞాపకం
  4. పఠన వేగం

Explanation

సంభాషణ పద్ధతిలో విద్యార్థులు ఉపాధ్యాయుడితో మరియు తోటి విద్యార్థులతో పరస్పరం మాట్లాడతారు. ఇది స్వర ఉచ్చారణ, పదజాల ప్రయోగం, ఆశువుగా స్పందించే సామర్థ్యాన్ని పెంచుతుంది. అందువల్ల ఇది మౌఖిక భాషా నైపుణ్యానికి ప్రధాన సాధనం.

Question 49Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'ఆంధ్ర భాషా భూషణం' అనే వ్యాకరణ గ్రంథాన్ని రచించినవారు ఎవరు?

  1. పాల్కురికి సోమనాథుడు
  2. కేతన Correct answer.
  3. శ్రీనాథుడు
  4. తిక్కన

Explanation

'ఆంధ్ర భాషా భూషణం' తెలుగు వ్యాకరణానికి సంబంధించిన ప్రాచీన గ్రంథం. దీనిని కేతన రచించారు; ఆయన తెలుగు సాహిత్యంలో ప్రముఖ కవి మరియు వ్యాకరణకర్త. ఈ గ్రంథం తెలుగు భాషా లక్షణాలను వివరిస్తుంది.

Question 50Language I (Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, or other listed language)

'అతను వచ్చాడు, కానీ సమావేశం ప్రారంభం కాలేదు' అనే వాక్యం ఏ రకమైన వాక్యం?

  1. ప్రశ్నార్థక వాక్యం
  2. సంయుక్త వాక్యం Correct answer.
  3. సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం
  4. సామాన్య వాక్యం

Explanation

సంయుక్త వాక్యంలో రెండు లేదా అంతకంటే ఎక్కువ స్వతంత్ర వాక్యాలు 'కానీ, మరియు, లేదా' వంటి సంయోజక పదాలతో కలుపబడతాయి. ఇక్కడ 'అతను వచ్చాడు' మరియు 'సమావేశం ప్రారంభం కాలేదు' అనే రెండు స్వతంత్ర భావాలు 'కానీ'తో కలిసి ఉన్నాయి. అందువల్ల ఇది సంయుక్త వాక్యం.