Assam ASSEB Higher Secondary Education key terms

A structured assignment in which a student investigates a topic, gathers and analyses information, and submits a written report, usually assessed as part of internal assessment in Assam Higher Secondary courses.

Marks awarded by the school rather than the external board, based on class tests, practical records, projects, and observation of the student throughout the academic session.

An oral examination in which an examiner questions a candidate directly, often about a practical, project, or reading text, to verify understanding that written answers may not reveal.

A bound notebook in which a student writes up experiments, observations, calculations, and results in the prescribed format; it is regularly checked and signed by the teacher.

Ongoing evaluation during teaching, used to give feedback and adjust instruction rather than to assign a final grade; often informal, such as quizzes, oral questions, or short assignments.

Evaluation carried out at the end of a unit, term, or course to judge how much a student has learned, typically through the board's written theory and practical examinations.

A scoring guide that lists the criteria for judging a piece of work and describes levels of performance for each criterion, making marking of projects and practicals consistent across examiners.

The skill of reading an unseen passage and answering questions on its main idea, details, vocabulary, and inferences, a standard component of the English and Alternative English papers.

A text not studied in class, printed in the question paper, which the candidate must read and interpret under exam conditions to answer comprehension and vocabulary questions.

Summarising a passage in the candidate's own words in a fixed proportion of its length, keeping the central ideas and omitting examples, repetition, and minor detail.

Restating a sentence or short passage in different words while preserving its exact meaning, often tested to show that the candidate understands idiom and structure rather than memorised phrasing.

A letter written to an official, editor, or institution in a prescribed layout with sender's address, date, salutation, body, and closing, using polite and impersonal language.

A factual account of an event or investigation written in the third person with a headline, dateline, and clear sequence of information, commonly set in English and Alternative English papers.

A short, formal announcement displayed for a group, giving what, when, where, and whom to contact, usually within a stated word limit and enclosed in a box.

The writing system used for Assamese, derived from the ancient Brahmi script, with letters such as অ, ক, and ম and distinct vowel signs attached to consonants.

The sound change that occurs when two words or word-parts join, so that the final and initial sounds combine or alter, a standard topic in Assamese and Sanskrit grammar.

A compound word formed by joining two or more words into one unit, classified by the relation between the parts, such as tatpurusha, dvandva, and bahuvrihi.

The branch of mathematics dealing with collections of objects, their members, and operations such as union, intersection, and complement, forming the basis of several algebra chapters.

A rule that assigns to each element of one set exactly one element of another set, written f(x); tested through domain, range, composition, and inverse questions.

The instantaneous rate at which a function changes with respect to its variable, defined as a limit of a difference quotient and used to find slopes, maxima, and minima.

The value a function approaches as its input approaches a specified point, even if the function is not defined there; the foundation of continuity and differentiation.

The accumulation of a quantity over an interval, computed as a limit of sums; definite integrals give areas and are linked to derivatives by the fundamental theorem of calculus.

Counting methods for arrangements where order matters and selections where it does not, applied to problems on committees, seating, and probability calculations.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated from favourable outcomes over total equally likely outcomes or from conditional and independent-event rules.

A variable whose value is the numerical outcome of a random experiment, described by a probability distribution with mean and variance, central to statistics and probability chapters.

A measure of how spread out a set of values is, equal to the square root of the variance; a small value means observations cluster near the mean.

A measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, ranging from minus one to plus one, without implying that one causes the other.

Three statements forming classical mechanics: bodies keep their state unless a net force acts, force equals mass times acceleration, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The product of a body's mass and velocity, a vector quantity conserved in collisions when no external force acts on the system.

The principle that the net work done on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy, useful when forces vary or paths are curved.

The relationship that one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles and has a mass in grams equal to its atomic or molecular mass.

Calculations of the quantities of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation, using mole ratios to find masses, volumes, or concentrations.

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound, determined from percentage composition and related to the molecular formula by a whole-number factor.

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partly opposes the change.

The process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, occurring in chloroplasts in two stages, light and dark reactions.

The breakdown of glucose in cells to release energy, proceeding aerobically with oxygen to carbon dioxide and water, or anaerobically to lactate or ethanol.

The loss of water vapour from leaves through stomata, which pulls water up the xylem and cools the plant, affected by humidity, wind, and light.

Principles of inheritance stating that alleles separate during gamete formation and assort independently, explaining ratios observed in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism at a locus; the phenotype is its observable trait, produced by the interaction of genotype with environment.

The accounting method in which every transaction is recorded with equal debits and credits in at least two accounts, keeping the accounting equation in balance.

The first record of a transaction in the journal, showing date, accounts debited and credited, and a narration, later posted to the ledger.

A statement listing all ledger account balances at a date to check that total debits equal total credits; it detects arithmetic errors but not errors of principle.

A financial statement showing assets, liabilities, and capital at a particular date, prepared after the trading and profit and loss account.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent units, each with its own defined sphere, as in the Indian Constitution.

The division of government into legislature, executive, and judiciary, each checking the others, intended to prevent concentration of authority.

Basic freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in courts, covering equality, speech, religion, and constitutional remedies.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing the state towards social and economic welfare; not enforceable in courts but fundamental in governance.

The relationship between price and the quantity buyers wish to purchase, and price and the quantity sellers wish to sell; their interaction determines market equilibrium.

The responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price, income, or the price of a related good, measured as a ratio of percentage changes.

The value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made, a core idea in economics used to explain trade-offs and production decisions.

A finite, ordered set of unambiguous steps that solves a problem, which can be represented as a flowchart or pseudocode before being written in a programming language.

A diagram using standard symbols such as ovals, rectangles, and diamonds to show the sequence, decisions, and repetition in an algorithm.

A classification of values in a program, such as integer, float, character, or string, that determines what operations are allowed and how much memory is used.

An original record or artefact produced at the time of an event, such as an inscription, coin, diary, or official document, used directly by historians.

An account or interpretation created after an event by someone who did not witness it, such as a textbook, biography, or later historical study.

The process of identifying an opportunity, assembling resources, and bearing the risk of starting and running a venture, studied through business plans and case studies.

A written document describing a venture's product, target market, operations, marketing, finances, and risks, used to guide the founder and attract investors.

Dividing a broad market into groups of buyers with similar needs or traits, so that products and promotion can be tailored to each group.