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Assam ASSEB HS Apparel Made-Ups & Home Furnishing study materials
Assam ASSEB HS Apparel Made-Ups & Home Furnishing study resources

Assam ASSEB HS Apparel Made-Ups & Home Furnishing practice questions

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Question 1Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

In the textile production chain, which stage immediately follows spinning?

  1. Ginning of raw cotton
  2. Dyeing of finished garments
  3. Retailing to the consumer
  4. Weaving or knitting into fabric Correct answer.

Explanation

Spinning converts staple fibres into yarn, and that yarn is then interlaced (weaving) or interlooped (knitting) to form fabric. Ginning happens before spinning, while dyeing and retailing come after fabric formation.

Question 2Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which fibre is classified as a natural cellulosic fibre obtained from a plant seed?

  1. Wool
  2. Polyester
  3. Cotton Correct answer.
  4. Silk

Explanation

Cotton lint grows around the seeds of the cotton plant and consists mainly of cellulose, making it a natural cellulosic seed fibre. Wool and silk are natural protein fibres of animal origin, and polyester is a synthetic polymer fibre.

Question 3Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A candidate must identify the correct order of basic garment assembly operations. Which sequence represents the standard pre-assembly to finishing flow?

  1. Fabric cutting, pattern making, pressing, sewing
  2. Pressing, sewing, pattern making, fabric cutting
  3. Sewing, pattern making, fabric cutting, pressing
  4. Pattern making, fabric cutting, sewing, pressing and finishing Correct answer.

Explanation

Garment production begins with pattern making and marker planning, then the fabric is spread and cut, the cut parts are sewn into a garment, and finally the garment is pressed and finished. Each later operation depends on the output of the earlier one, so the order cannot be rearranged.

Question 4Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which term describes the number of yarns per unit length in a woven fabric?

  1. Fibre fineness
  2. Fabric cover factor
  3. Fabric count or thread density Correct answer.
  4. Yarn twist

Explanation

Fabric count, also called thread density, expresses how many warp and weft yarns lie per inch or per centimetre of woven fabric. It is a direct measure of how closely the threads are set in the cloth.

Question 5Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which garment component is normally cut on the bias to allow it to stretch and lie smoothly around a curve?

  1. Interfacing square
  2. Selvedge label
  3. Bias binding strip Correct answer.
  4. Straight-grain waistband

Explanation

Bias-cut strips have their yarns at roughly 45 degrees to the lengthwise direction, giving maximum extensibility so the strip can follow curved edges without puckering. Straight-grain pieces have little stretch and cannot mould to a tight curve in the same way.

Question 6Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which of these is a standard body measurement taken for constructing a ladies' bodice block?

  1. Bust circumference Correct answer.
  2. Collar stand depth
  3. Hem width of trousers
  4. Sleeve cap height only

Explanation

Bust circumference is a fundamental girth measurement used to draft the bodice block and determine the front and back widths. The other listed measurements belong to sleeves, trousers or collars and do not define the bodice.

Question 7Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A plain weave fabric is woven with 40 warp yarns per inch and 36 weft yarns per inch. What is the total fabric count in yarns per inch?

  1. 40
  2. 36
  3. 76 Correct answer.
  4. 4

Explanation

Fabric count in a woven cloth is the sum of the warp and weft yarns per unit length, so 40 plus 36 gives 76 yarns per inch. Reporting only one direction gives an incomplete count.

Question 8Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Why is sizing applied to warp yarns before weaving rather than to weft yarns?

  1. Warp yarns are dyed after weaving and sizing fixes the shade
  2. Warp yarns suffer repeated abrasion and tension from healds and reed during shedding Correct answer.
  3. Weft yarns are always made of filament and need no protection
  4. Sizing increases the extensibility of weft so it can be inserted faster

Explanation

Warp yarns run lengthwise through the loom and are repeatedly rubbed by heald wires and the reed while under high tension, so a size film is added to reduce hairiness and breakage. Weft yarns pass across the shed once and are not subjected to the same sustained abrasion.

Question 9Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which knit structure is produced on a circular machine where needles in alternate positions are removed so that both sides of the fabric show a rib effect?

  1. Tricot warp knit
  2. 1x1 rib Correct answer.
  3. Plain weave
  4. Plain single jersey

Explanation

In a 1x1 rib, alternate needles are withdrawn so that face and reverse loops alternate in each wale, giving vertical ridges on both sides of the fabric. Single jersey shows face loops on one side only, and tricot and plain weave are different structures altogether.

Question 10Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A buyer specifies a fabric with a cover factor near the maximum practical value. What property is most likely being sought?

  1. A dense, low-porosity cloth with good opacity Correct answer.
  2. A very open, airy mesh for summer wear
  3. A fabric with minimum abrasion resistance
  4. A fabric with maximum extensibility

Explanation

Cover factor expresses the proportion of fabric area covered by yarns, so a high value means the yarns are closely set and leave little open space. Such a cloth is dense and opaque rather than open or airy.

Question 11Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which sewing machine mechanism moves the fabric forward between stitches on a basic lockstitch machine?

  1. Bobbin winder
  2. Take-up lever
  3. Tension disc
  4. Feed dog Correct answer.

Explanation

The feed dog is a toothed part that rises through the needle plate and advances the fabric by a set stitch length with each cycle. The take-up lever controls thread supply, the bobbin winder fills bobbins, and tension discs regulate thread tension.

Question 12Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A factory must choose a stitch for joining two overlapping fabric plies that will be under heavy load, such as a jeans side seam. Which class of stitch is most appropriate?

  1. Class 100 single-thread chain stitch
  2. Class 500 overedge stitch used as a safety stitch Correct answer.
  3. Class 300 lockstitch used alone on a single ply
  4. Class 600 covering stitch for hemming

Explanation

Class 500 overedge stitches both join and neaten the raw edges, and when combined with a joining stitch they form a strong safety seam suited to heavily stressed seams such as jeans. A single-thread chain or a plain lockstitch alone does not provide the same edge neatening and strength.

Question 13Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which of the following is a natural protein fibre of animal origin?

  1. Nylon
  2. Silk Correct answer.
  3. Jute
  4. Viscose

Explanation

Silk is secreted by silkworm larvae and is composed mainly of the protein fibroin, so it is a natural animal protein fibre. Jute is a plant bast fibre, while viscose and nylon are manufactured fibres.

Question 14Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Why is a seam allowance normally added to pattern pieces during pattern making?

  1. To reduce the amount of fabric required for the marker
  2. To mark the lengthwise grain direction on the fabric
  3. To provide material for the seam that will be joined and trimmed during sewing Correct answer.
  4. To allow the garment to be enlarged after it is sold

Explanation

A seam allowance is extra width beyond the stitching line that is consumed when the seam is sewn and then trimmed or pressed. Without it, the finished garment would be smaller than the pattern's stitching lines specify.

Question 15Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

Which property of a woven fabric is most directly improved by increasing yarn twist in the warp?

  1. Tensile strength up to an optimum twist level Correct answer.
  2. Colour fastness to washing
  3. Drape softness
  4. Thermal insulation

Explanation

Increasing twist binds the fibres more firmly so that they resist slipping, raising yarn strength until an optimum twist is reached, after which strength falls again. Colour fastness, insulation and drape depend on dyeing, structure and yarn bulk rather than on twist alone.

Question 16Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A candidate is asked to select the weave that produces a fabric with a smooth lustrous face and a twill diagonal running in one direction. Which weave is being described?

  1. 2/2 twill Correct answer.
  2. Plain weave
  3. Pile weave
  4. Satin weave

Explanation

A 2/2 twill interlacing produces a continuous diagonal line across the fabric because the binding points shift by one thread in each successive pick. Plain weave has no diagonal, satin weave produces a smooth floating face without a visible twill line, and pile weave raises loops or tufts.

Question 17Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

In apparel costing, which cost element is classified as a direct cost rather than an overhead?

  1. Depreciation of the office building
  2. Fabric consumed in the garment Correct answer.
  3. Salary of the security guard
  4. Factory electricity for lighting

Explanation

Direct costs are those that can be traced to a specific garment, and fabric consumption is a clear example because it varies with the style and quantity produced. Lighting, security and building depreciation are incurred regardless of the individual garment and are therefore overheads.

Question 18Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A fabric is described as having a high cover factor and a low air permeability. What does this indicate about the relationship between the two properties?

  1. Closely packed yarns increase the open area, so air flow rises
  2. Air permeability depends only on fibre colour
  3. Closely packed yarns reduce the open area, so air flow through the cloth falls Correct answer.
  4. Cover factor and air permeability are independent and cannot be related

Explanation

Cover factor measures how much of the fabric surface is occupied by yarns, so a high value leaves fewer interstices for air to pass through. Air permeability therefore tends to fall as cover factor rises, giving the inverse relationship described.

Question 19Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A garment factory finds that seams on a stretch knit pull and crack during wear. Which combination of stitch type and seam allowance best addresses this problem?

  1. A tight class 300 lockstitch with minimal seam allowance
  2. A class 500 overedge stitch with adequate seam allowance to accommodate stretch Correct answer.
  3. A hand running stitch with a narrow seam allowance
  4. A class 100 single-thread chain stitch with no seam allowance

Explanation

A class 500 overedge stitch has inherent extensibility that allows the seam to stretch with the knit, and a sufficient seam allowance gives the seam room to extend without the thread breaking. A tight lockstitch or a weak single-thread chain restricts extension and causes seam cracking.

Question 20Introduction to Apparel and Textile Industry

A buyer requests a fabric that combines the smooth lustrous appearance of silk with improved crease recovery and lower cost. Which fibre choice best meets these requirements?

  1. A jute hessian
  2. A silk-look polyester filament Correct answer.
  3. A coarse cotton canvas
  4. A wool flannel

Explanation

Fine polyester filament can be engineered to imitate silk's lustre and handle while offering better crease recovery and a much lower cost than natural silk. Cotton canvas, jute hessian and wool flannel are all dull, bulky fabrics that do not resemble silk.

Question 21Fibres and Yarns

Which natural fibre is obtained from the stem of the flax plant and is valued for its cool handle and strength when wet?

  1. Linen Correct answer.
  2. Wool
  3. Silk
  4. Cotton

Explanation

Linen is a bast fibre harvested from the stem of the flax plant, and its cellulose structure gives it high wet strength and a crisp, cool handle. Cotton comes from the seed hair of the cotton plant, so it is not a stem fibre.

Question 22Fibres and Yarns

A yarn labelled as 100% cotton is tested and burns with a smell of burning paper and leaves a soft grey ash. Which fibre property does this test confirm?

  1. Protein composition
  2. Elastomeric composition
  3. Mineral composition
  4. Cellulosic composition Correct answer.

Explanation

Cellulosic fibres such as cotton behave like paper on burning, giving a paper-like odour and light grey ash. Protein fibres smell of burnt hair, while mineral fibres leave no such ash.

Question 23Fibres and Yarns

In cotton grading, which parameter describes the length uniformity of the fibre sample?

  1. Micronaire value
  2. Maturity ratio
  3. Uniformity index Correct answer.
  4. Staple length

Explanation

The uniformity index expresses how consistent fibre length is within a sample, usually derived from fibrograph or HVI length data. Micronaire measures fineness and maturity together, while staple length gives only the average length.

Question 24Fibres and Yarns

Which term describes the natural sericin gum that holds the twin filaments of a silk cocoon together?

  1. Keratin
  2. Pectin
  3. Fibroin
  4. Sericin Correct answer.

Explanation

Silk cocoons consist of two fibroin filaments cemented by sericin, a gum that is removed during degumming. Fibroin is the actual filament protein, and keratin and pectin belong to wool and plant fibres respectively.

Question 25Fibres and Yarns

Which spinning system produces yarn by wrapping fibres around a core using a rotating hollow spindle and a wrapper fibre?

  1. Wrap spinning Correct answer.
  2. Ring spinning
  3. Air-jet spinning
  4. Rotor spinning

Explanation

Wrap spinning, also called hollow-spindle spinning, forms a parallel core of fibres that is bound by wrapper fibres fed from a rotating spindle. Ring and rotor spinning both rely on twist inserted into a drafted strand rather than a wrapped core.

Question 26Fibres and Yarns

A converter produces a yarn where the fibres lie nearly parallel with very little twist. Which yarn type is this?

  1. Fancy yarn
  2. Carded yarn
  3. Combed yarn Correct answer.
  4. Slub yarn

Explanation

Combed yarn has short fibres removed and fibres arranged parallel before spinning, giving a smooth, strong, low-hairiness yarn. Carded yarn retains short fibres and is less parallel and more hairy.

Question 27Fibres and Yarns

Which count system expresses yarn linear density as the number of 840-yard hanks per pound?

  1. Metric count
  2. Tex
  3. Denier
  4. English cotton count Correct answer.

Explanation

English cotton count (Ne) is defined as the number of 840-yard hanks weighing one pound, so a higher number means a finer yarn. Metric count uses 1,000-metre hanks per kilogram, while tex and denier are direct mass-per-length systems.

Question 28Fibres and Yarns

A yarn is described as 30 tex. What does this mean?

  1. 30 metres of yarn weigh 1 gram
  2. 30 hanks of yarn weigh 1 pound
  3. 9,000 metres of yarn weigh 30 grams
  4. 1,000 metres of yarn weigh 30 grams Correct answer.

Explanation

Tex is a direct count giving the mass in grams of 1,000 metres of yarn, so 30 tex means 1,000 metres weigh 30 grams. Denier uses 9,000 metres, and indirect counts use hanks per unit weight.

Question 29Fibres and Yarns

In ring spinning, which component imparts twist to the yarn as it is wound onto the bobbin?

  1. Drafting roller
  2. Licker-in
  3. Coiler
  4. Traveller on the ring Correct answer.

Explanation

The traveller circulates on the ring and its lag behind the spindle speed inserts twist into the yarn while also winding it onto the bobbin. Drafting rollers attenuate the roving, and the licker-in and coiler belong to carding.

Question 30Fibres and Yarns

Which property of rotor-spun yarn typically differs from ring-spun yarn of the same count?

  1. Lower tenacity and higher elongation Correct answer.
  2. Higher tenacity and lower elongation
  3. Higher hairiness and lower abrasion resistance
  4. Higher irregularity and lower twist

Explanation

Rotor yarn has a more layered structure with less fibre migration, so it is usually weaker and more extensible than ring yarn. It is generally more regular and less hairy, which is why it is preferred for uniform, soft fabrics.

Question 31Fibres and Yarns

Which process converts a carded sliver into a more uniform sliver by doubling and drafting, without removing short fibres?

  1. Drawing Correct answer.
  2. Roving
  3. Combing
  4. Carding

Explanation

Drawing doubles several slivers and drafts them to improve uniformity and fibre parallelisation, but it does not remove short fibres. Combing is the process that removes short fibres and neps.

Question 32Fibres and Yarns

A fabric manufacturer needs a yarn with high bulk and warmth for winter knitwear, produced by relaxing a highly twisted yarn in water. Which yarn is this?

  1. Crepe yarn
  2. Slub yarn
  3. Bulked yarn Correct answer.
  4. Covered yarn

Explanation

Bulked yarn is made by over-twisting and then relaxing the yarn so that fibres crimp and the yarn gains volume and warmth. Crepe yarn uses high twist for a crinkled handle, and covered yarn wraps an elastomer core.

Question 33Fibres and Yarns

Which fibre is a regenerated cellulosic filament produced by the viscose process?

  1. Polyester
  2. Acetate
  3. Nylon 6,6
  4. Viscose rayon Correct answer.

Explanation

Viscose rayon is made by dissolving cellulose pulp in alkali and carbon disulphide, then regenerating the filament in an acid bath. Acetate is also cellulosic but is an ester derivative, while nylon and polyester are synthetic polymers.

Question 34Fibres and Yarns

Which synthetic fibre is characterised by high elastic recovery and is often used in blends to give stretch and shape retention?

  1. Elastane Correct answer.
  2. Polypropylene
  3. Acrylic
  4. Polyester

Explanation

Elastane can stretch several hundred percent and recover almost completely, so small additions give fabrics stretch and shape retention. Polyester and acrylic are strong but not highly elastic, and polypropylene is used for its lightness and moisture transport.

Question 35Fibres and Yarns

Why is a blend of polyester and cotton common in shirting fabrics?

  1. Polyester contributes absorbency while cotton contributes strength and wrinkle resistance
  2. Polyester contributes strength and wrinkle resistance while cotton contributes absorbency and comfort Correct answer.
  3. Both fibres are protein-based and resist alkalis
  4. Both fibres are thermoplastic and therefore easy to press

Explanation

In a polyester-cotton blend, the polyester component improves strength, abrasion resistance and wrinkle recovery, while cotton adds moisture absorbency and next-to-skin comfort. The two fibres have complementary properties, which is the basis of the blend.

Question 36Fibres and Yarns

In a two-fold yarn, what does the designation 2/60s Ne indicate?

  1. Two plies of 30s count twisted together, giving an effective count of 60s
  2. A yarn of 60 tex made from two fibres
  3. A single yarn of 60s count with two twists per inch
  4. Two plies of 60s count twisted together, giving an effective count of about 30s Correct answer.

Explanation

In the 2/60s notation the first figure is the number of plies and the second is the single-yarn count, so two 60s yarns are folded. Folding doubles the linear density, so the resultant count is about 30s.

Question 37Fibres and Yarns

A yarn manufacturer observes frequent thick and thin places in a carded yarn. Which cause is most directly responsible?

  1. Excessive twist multiplier
  2. Use of a larger ring diameter
  3. Poor drafting roller setting and fibre control Correct answer.
  4. Over-moisture in the finished yarn package

Explanation

Thick and thin places arise mainly from irregular drafting, where poor roller settings or insufficient fibre control let fibre clumps pass through. Twist level and ring diameter affect yarn character but are not the primary cause of count variation.

Question 38Fibres and Yarns

Which fibre is a bast fibre extracted from the jute plant and is used for sacking and carpet backing?

  1. Jute Correct answer.
  2. Coir
  3. Sisal
  4. Ramie

Explanation

Jute is a bast fibre from the stem of Corchorus plants and is used for sacking, hessian and carpet backing because it is cheap and strong. Coir comes from coconut husk and sisal from leaf, while ramie is also a bast fibre but used for finer textiles.

Question 39Fibres and Yarns

Which test method is most suitable for determining the linear density of a yarn sample in the laboratory?

  1. Wrap reel and balance method Correct answer.
  2. Crockmeter test
  3. Martindale abrasion test
  4. Stiffness tester

Explanation

Linear density is found by winding a known length of yarn on a wrap reel, conditioning and weighing it, then calculating mass per unit length. The other instruments measure abrasion, bending stiffness and colour fastness to rubbing.

Question 40Fibres and Yarns

Which statement correctly describes the difference between staple and filament yarns?

  1. Staple yarns are always stronger than filament yarns of the same count
  2. Filament yarns always contain more twist than staple yarns
  3. Staple yarns are made from continuous filaments, while filament yarns are made from short fibres
  4. Staple yarns are made from short fibres twisted together, while filament yarns are made from continuous filaments Correct answer.

Explanation

Staple yarns are spun from short fibres that must be twisted to hold together, which gives them a hairy surface. Filament yarns consist of continuous strands that need little or no twist to develop strength.

Question 41Fibres and Yarns

A knitter finds that a yarn with a high twist multiplier produces a fabric with a harsh, lean handle and spirality. Which explanation best accounts for this?

  1. High twist removes short fibres from the yarn
  2. High twist increases fibre binding but also increases snarling and torque in the yarn Correct answer.
  3. High twist reduces fibre cohesion and lowers yarn strength
  4. High twist reduces the linear density of the yarn

Explanation

Increasing twist binds fibres more tightly and raises strength up to a point, but excessive twist stores torque, causing snarling, spirality in knitted fabric and a lean handle. Twist does not remove fibres or change linear density.

Question 42Fibres and Yarns

Which combination of fibre properties explains why wool fabrics feel warm in winter and comfortable in changing humidity?

  1. Crimped structure trapping air and high moisture regain Correct answer.
  2. High density and low elasticity
  3. High thermal conductivity and low moisture regain
  4. Smooth surface and low elongation

Explanation

Wool's natural crimp creates bulk that traps still air, giving insulation, while its high moisture regain lets it absorb and release vapour without feeling clammy. Its low thermal conductivity and elasticity add to the comfort.

Question 43Fibres and Yarns

A spinner wants to produce a fine, strong, lustrous yarn for a lightweight saree. Which fibre and yarn route is most appropriate?

  1. Long-staple combed cotton or degummed silk filament Correct answer.
  2. Recycled shoddy wool with high neps
  3. Coarse jute sliver spun on a jute frame
  4. Short-staple carded cotton with low twist

Explanation

Fine, strong and lustrous yarns need long, parallel fibres or continuous filaments, so combed long-staple cotton or degummed silk filament suits lightweight sarees. Coarse jute, short carded cotton and shoddy wool give heavier, weaker or irregular yarns.

Question 44Fibres and Yarns

A yarn is tested and found to have a tenacity of 20 cN/tex. Which interpretation is correct?

  1. The yarn has a twist of 20 turns per metre
  2. The yarn has a count of 20 tex
  3. The yarn elongates 20 percent before breaking
  4. The yarn breaks at a load of 20 grams per tex of linear density Correct answer.

Explanation

Tenacity is specific stress expressed as force per unit linear density, so 20 cN/tex means the breaking force is 20 centinewtons for every tex of yarn. It is independent of yarn size, unlike breaking load alone.

Question 45Fabric Construction and Finishing

In woven fabric terminology, the series of yarns running lengthwise parallel to the selvedge is called the:

  1. Pile
  2. Filling
  3. Warp Correct answer.
  4. Weft

Explanation

The warp yarns are the longitudinal threads that run parallel to the selvedge and are held under tension on the loom. The weft (also called filling) is inserted crosswise at right angles to the warp. Pile refers to raised surface yarns, not a directional set.

Question 46Fabric Construction and Finishing

A fabric in which one warp yarn and one weft yarn alternate at every intersection, giving the tightest interlacing, is a:

  1. Satin weave
  2. Twill weave
  3. Plain weave Correct answer.
  4. Leno weave

Explanation

Plain weave has the maximum possible number of intersections because each yarn passes over one and under one alternately. This makes it the firmest, most stable and least lustrous of the three basic weaves. Twill and satin both reduce intersections by floating yarns over several opposite yarns.

Question 47Fabric Construction and Finishing

The diagonal line visible on a twill fabric such as denim is produced because:

  1. The warp yarns are spaced unevenly across the width
  2. The fabric is calendered after weaving
  3. The weft yarns are inserted at an angle to the warp
  4. The points of interlacing shift by one or more ends in each successive pick Correct answer.

Explanation

In twill, the interlacing point advances by a fixed number of ends in each succeeding pick, so the floats form a continuous diagonal rib. The yarns themselves remain at right angles; only the binding points step sideways. Calendering can flatten the surface but cannot create the woven diagonal.

Question 48Fabric Construction and Finishing

Which weave characteristically produces a fabric with high lustre, a smooth face and poor resistance to snagging?

  1. Rib weave
  2. Satin weave Correct answer.
  3. Basket weave
  4. Plain weave

Explanation

Satin weave uses long floats so that the binding points are widely spaced, allowing light to reflect from an almost unbroken yarn surface and giving high lustre. The same long floats make the fabric prone to snagging and abrasion. Plain, rib and basket weaves all have frequent intersections and a matte surface.

Question 49Fabric Construction and Finishing

A fabric shows fine, evenly spaced lengthwise cords across its width. This is most likely a warp rib, which is produced by:

  1. Floating warp yarns over several picks in a satin order
  2. Using a much coarser weft than warp in a plain weave Correct answer.
  3. Inserting two or more picks per shed in a plain weave
  4. Crossing pairs of warp yarns with doup healds

Explanation

In a warp rib, a coarse weft is used with a finer warp in plain weave so that the weft pushes the warp ends into groups, forming lengthwise ribs. Using grouped picks instead gives a weft rib running crosswise. Satin floats and doup crossing produce different structures entirely.

Question 50Fabric Construction and Finishing

In a plain-weave cotton fabric, the term 'reed mark' refers to:

  1. A crosswise band caused by a thick weft
  2. A faint lengthwise line caused by uneven warp spacing in the reed Correct answer.
  3. A coloured stripe caused by dyed warp
  4. A hole caused by a broken pick

Explanation

Reed marks are faint lengthwise lines that appear when warp ends are not evenly spaced in the reed dents, leaving thin and thick places. They are a weaving fault rather than a design feature. Coloured stripes, thick weft bands and holes arise from different causes.