Assam ASSEB HSLC Class 10 Social Science cheat sheet

Indian National Congress founded 1885 in Bombay; first president W.C. Bonnerjee, founder-initiator A.O. Hume.

Partition of Bengal announced 1905 by Lord Curzon; annulled 1911, triggering the Swadeshi Movement (boycott of foreign cloth, emphasis on swadeshi industry).

Jallianwala Bagh massacre: 13 April 1919, Amritsar, under General Dyer; led to Rabindranath Tagore renouncing his knighthood.

Non-Cooperation Movement launched 1920 and withdrawn February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident.

Dandi March: 12 March to 6 April 1930, Sabarmati to Dandi, 24-day march against the salt tax, launching Civil Disobedience.

Quit India Movement resolution passed 8 August 1942 at Gowalia Tank, Bombay; slogan 'Do or Die'.

Indian Independence Act passed by the British Parliament in July 1947; India and Pakistan became independent on 15 August 1947.

Key dates: Rowlatt Act 1919, Simon Commission 1928, Poorna Swaraj resolution at Lahore session 1929, Cabinet Mission 1946.

India's latitudinal extent is roughly 8°4'N to 37°6'N and longitudinal extent 68°7'E to 97°25'E; the Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) passes through 8 states.

Standard Meridian of India is 82°30'E passing through Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh); IST = GMT + 5 hours 30 minutes.

Himalayan ranges from north to south: Trans-Himalaya (Karakoram, Ladakh), Greater Himalaya (Himadri), Lesser Himalaya (Himachal), Shiwaliks.

Northern plains divided by relief into Bhabar (porous pebbly belt), Terai (marshy, moist), Bhangar (older alluvium) and Khadar (newer floodplain alluvium).

Peninsular rivers are mostly seasonal and non-perennial; the Ganga-Brahmaputra system is perennial, fed by snowmelt and monsoon rain.

Monsoon: south-west monsoon arrives around June; retreating monsoon (north-east monsoon) brings rain to Tamil Nadu coast in October-December.

Soil types: alluvial (most extensive), black regur (cotton soil, Deccan trap), red and yellow, laterite, arid, forest and mountain soil.

Population density = total population divided by total area, expressed as persons per square kilometre.

Federal features of India: two levels of government, division of powers in the Seventh Schedule (Union, State, Concurrent Lists), written constitution, bicameralism, independent judiciary.

Residuary powers rest with the Union Parliament; the Concurrent List allows both Union and State laws, with Union law prevailing in case of conflict under Article 254.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) is called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36-51); they are non-justiciable but fundamental in governance.

Election of the President: elected indirectly by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs using a single transferable vote and proportional representation.

Lok Sabha maximum strength 552; Rajya Sabha maximum 250 (238 elected plus 12 nominated).

A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation; the Rajya Sabha may keep it for at most 14 days and cannot amend it.

Panchayati Raj: 73rd Amendment (1992) for rural local bodies, 74th Amendment for urban local bodies; three-tier structure below the state level.

Sectors: primary (agriculture, mining), secondary (manufacturing, construction), tertiary (services); GDP share shifts from primary to tertiary with development.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's domestic territory in a year.

Per capita income = national income divided by population; used as a crude development indicator but ignores distribution and non-market welfare.

Human Development Index combines life expectancy at birth, mean and expected years of schooling, and GNI per capita (PPP).

Unemployment types: disguised (more workers than needed, common in agriculture), seasonal, educated, and cyclical.

Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level; it reduces purchasing power and hurts fixed-income earners most.

Money functions: medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value, standard of deferred payment; the RBI issues currency and controls credit.

Food security requires availability, access, and affordability; the Public Distribution System and buffer stocks are core instruments.

Assam is bounded by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Nagaland and Manipur to the east, Mizoram and Tripura to the south, and West Bengal, Meghalaya and Bangladesh to the west/south-west.

The Brahmaputra enters Assam at Sadiya and flows west; major tributaries include Subansiri, Manas, Dhansiri, Kopili, and the Barak river system in the south.

Ahom kingdom: founded by Sukapha in 1228; ruled for about six centuries until the Treaty of Yandabo (1826) after the Anglo-Burmese War.

Battle of Saraighat (1671): Ahom forces under Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal army on the Brahmaputra.

Assam is a major tea producer; the first tea garden was established at Chabua in 1837, and the Assam Tea Company was formed in 1839.

Kaziranga National Park (Golaghat and Nagaon) is famous for the one-horned rhinoceros; Manas is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and biosphere reserve.

Bihu is the principal festival, with Bohag Bihu (Rongali) in April marking the Assamese New Year; Sattriya is a classical dance form of the Vaishnavite sattras.

Assam's economy is dominated by tea, oil and gas (Digboi, Naharkatiya), agriculture (rice, jute) and sericulture (muga silk).

Disaster = a serious disruption of a community's functioning causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses exceeding its coping capacity.

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response/relief, recovery and rehabilitation.

Assam's main hazards are floods (Brahmaputra and Barak basins), riverbank erosion, earthquakes (Zone V), landslides, and cyclonic storms.

Assam lies in Seismic Zone V; the Great Assam Earthquake of 1950 (magnitude about 8.6) and the 1897 earthquake caused severe damage.

Structural mitigation examples: embankments, spurs and porcupine structures for erosion control, earthquake-resistant building design, and flood early-warning systems.

Non-structural measures: land-use zoning, building codes, public awareness, mock drills, insurance, and community-based preparedness.

Contemporary issues include child labour, gender inequality, population growth, urbanisation, and the digital divide; each links to poverty and illiteracy.

Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs (Brundtland definition, 1987).