Assam ASSEB HSLC Class 10 Social Science key terms

A method of non-violent resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi, in which people refuse to cooperate with unjust authority and willingly accept suffering to win moral and political change.

The 1920-22 campaign launched by Gandhi and the Congress, urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions such as schools, courts and councils, and to boycott foreign goods.

The campaign begun with the Dandi March of 1930, in which Indians deliberately broke colonial laws such as the salt law to challenge British rule openly and peacefully.

Gandhi's 1930 walk of about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat coast, where he made salt from seawater to defy the British salt monopoly.

An agitation by Indian Muslims from 1919 to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after the First World War; Gandhi supported it to build Hindu-Muslim unity against British rule.

The 1905 division of Bengal by Lord Curzon into two provinces, which provoked widespread protest, the Swadeshi movement and eventually the reunification of Bengal in 1911.

A campaign to promote Indian-made goods and boycott British products, especially strong after the 1905 Partition of Bengal, linking economic self-reliance with nationalist politics.

The political party founded in 1885 that led the Indian freedom struggle, moving from moderate petitions to demands for self-rule and finally to independence in 1947.

A political organisation formed in 1926 by educated Assamese leaders, which raised regional concerns about land, immigration and jobs within the wider Indian national movement.

An administrative arrangement in colonial Assam that restricted where immigrant cultivators could settle, separating their areas from those of local communities to control land occupation.

The 1985 agreement between the Government of India, the Assam movement leaders and the All Assam Students' Union, which set rules for detecting and deleting foreign nationals from electoral rolls.

The 1979-85 agitation led by the All Assam Students' Union against the inclusion of undocumented immigrants in electoral rolls, ending with the Assam Accord.

A Tai-speaking dynasty that ruled much of the Brahmaputra valley from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century, building a strong state and resisting Mughal expansion.

The 1671 battle on the Brahmaputra near Guwahati in which the Ahom forces under Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal army, halting Mughal expansion into Assam.

A labour and military organisation of the Ahom state in which adult male subjects served the state in rotation as soldiers, cultivators or builders in return for land.

A socio-administrative unit in the Ahom kingdom made up of a group of paiks, used for organising labour, taxation and military service under a designated officer.

The fifteenth-sixteenth century Assamese saint and reformer who founded the Vaishnava movement in Assam, composing devotional works and establishing satras and namghars.

Monasteries of the Assamese Vaishnava tradition that preserve devotional music, dance, manuscripts and religious teaching, and have long served as centres of culture and learning.

A community prayer hall in Assam where villagers gather for devotional singing, religious discussion and social meetings, functioning as a local centre of village life.

The main Assamese festival, celebrated in three seasonal forms, with Bihu dance, songs and feasting marking the agricultural cycle and the Assamese new year.

The seasonal reversal of winds that brings heavy summer rainfall to South Asia, and whose timing and strength strongly affect farming across India and Assam.

A major Himalayan river that flows through Assam as a wide braided channel, depositing fertile silt but also causing severe annual floods and bank erosion.

The wearing away and removal of soil and rock by water, wind or ice; in Assam, riverbank erosion by the Brahmaputra destroys farmland and displaces families.

The overflow of water onto land that is normally dry, caused in Assam by heavy monsoon rain, river overflow and poor drainage, damaging crops, homes and roads.

The loss of the top layer of soil through the action of water, wind or deforestation, which reduces fertility and can lead to land degradation and desertification.

A farming practice of ploughing along the contours of a slope rather than up and down it, which slows the flow of water and reduces soil loss.

A method of cultivating steep hillsides by cutting level steps into the slope, which conserves soil and water; widely used in the hill regions of North-East India.

Shifting cultivation practised in North-East India, where land is cleared, cropped for a few years and then left fallow to recover while farmers move to new plots.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent units, each having its own defined sphere of law-making and administration.

The list in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution containing subjects on which only the central government can make laws, such as defence and foreign affairs.

The list of subjects in the Seventh Schedule on which state legislatures make laws, such as police, public health and local agriculture, subject to constitutional limits.

The part of the Indian Constitution that divides legislative subjects into the Union, State and Concurrent Lists, defining the balance of power in Indian federalism.

The basic rights guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech and protection from exploitation, enforceable through the courts.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare, social justice and development; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period, used as the main measure of the size of an economy.

The average income of a person in a country, calculated by dividing national income by population; it indicates average living standards but hides inequality.

A composite measure of development that combines life expectancy, education and income to compare the well-being of people across countries, not just their wealth.

The minimum level of income or consumption used to decide who counts as poor, based on the cost of a basic food and non-food basket.

The condition in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life.

The government-run network of fair price shops that supplies subsidised food grains to eligible households, aiming to reduce hunger and poverty.

A sudden or slow event such as a flood, earthquake or drought that disrupts normal life, causes loss of life and property, and exceeds the affected community's capacity to cope.

A natural or human-made event or condition with the potential to cause harm, damage or loss, such as a flood, earthquake or industrial accident.

The degree to which people, property or places are likely to be harmed by a hazard, depending on factors such as location, construction, income and access to support.

Long-term measures taken before a disaster to reduce its impact, such as building embankments, enforcing safe construction codes and planting trees to check erosion.

The planning and readiness measures taken in advance of a disaster, including early warning systems, evacuation plans, drills and stockpiling of relief materials.

The recurring sequence of phases in dealing with disasters: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and relief, and recovery and rehabilitation, each linked to the next.

A register of Indian citizens maintained for Assam under the 1985 Assam Accord process, used to identify residents and detect those who entered illegally.

The Ahom commander who led the Assamese forces to victory against the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671, remembered as a symbol of Assamese resistance.