Bihar B.Ed CET key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, speech, and life. They are enforceable in court through writs, unlike non-justiciable Directive Principles.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, reduce inequality, and secure livelihoods. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and used to interpret laws.

The opening statement of the Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as its aims. Courts treat it as part of the Constitution and a guide to interpretation.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to order a public authority to act or refrain from acting, using writs such as habeas corpus or mandamus. Articles 32 and 226 provide this remedy.

The power of courts to examine laws and government actions and declare them invalid if they violate the Constitution. It protects fundamental rights and maintains the balance between legislature, executive, and judiciary.

The principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in ways that destroy its essential features, such as judicial review or secularism. Established in the Kesavananda Bharati case, it limits amending power under Article 368.

The 2009 law making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen. It sets pupil-teacher ratios, bans screening at admission, and prohibits physical punishment and capitation fees.

An assessment approach that judges learning throughout the year rather than in one final exam, covering both scholastic and co-scholastic areas. It uses varied tools like projects and observation to reduce exam stress.

Assessment carried out during teaching to check understanding and adjust instruction, usually low-stakes and frequent. Feedback from it informs both teacher and learner before the final summative evaluation.

Assessment conducted at the end of a unit, term, or course to judge overall achievement against learning outcomes. Results are usually graded and reported, and they differ from ongoing formative checks.

A specific, observable statement of what a learner should know or be able to do after instruction. Clear outcomes guide lesson planning, task design, and fair assessment of student progress.

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information to prior experience, rather than passively receiving it. Teaching therefore emphasises exploration, discussion, and problem-solving over rote transmission.

The gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable person. Instruction aimed at this range stretches ability without causing frustration.

Temporary support given by a teacher or peer, such as hints, models, or steps, that is gradually removed as the learner gains competence. It helps students complete tasks they could not manage independently.

Schooling in which children of all backgrounds and abilities learn together in regular classrooms with necessary support. It rejects segregation and requires adapted teaching, accessible buildings, and sensitivity to diversity.

Planning lessons so content, process, or product varies according to learners' readiness, interests, and profiles. It keeps common goals while offering different routes to reach them.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion, judged valid or invalid by structure alone. In exams, statements about all, some, or no members are tested for conclusions that must follow.

Reasoning from general rules to a specific conclusion that is certain if the premises are true. It contrasts with inductive reasoning, which generalises from particular observations.

Reasoning from specific examples or observations to a broader general rule. The conclusion is probable rather than certain, which distinguishes it from deduction.

A reasoning task identifying the relationship between one pair of items and applying the same relationship to another pair. It tests recognition of patterns such as cause-effect, part-whole, or degree.

A reasoning task where a sequence of numbers, letters, or figures follows a rule and the candidate finds the missing or next element. Identifying the underlying pattern is the key skill.

A reasoning task in which words or letters are converted into a code using a rule, and the candidate applies or reverses that rule. Common rules involve shifts, reversals, and position values.

Reasoning problems describing family links through statements or symbols, asking how two people are related. Drawing a simple family tree with consistent genders and generations solves them reliably.

Reasoning problems tracking movement in north, south, east, and west turns to find final position or distance. Sketching the path and using right-triangle geometry prevents errors.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show how sets relate, such as inclusion, overlap, or exclusion. It is used to test syllogistic conclusions and to solve set-counting questions.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, useful for comparing quantities and computing increases, decreases, and discounts. Successive percentage changes do not simply add, so base values must be tracked carefully.

A comparison of two quantities by division, and an equation stating two ratios are equal. These ideas underpin problems on mixtures, partnership, and scaling of recipes or maps.

The sum of a set of values divided by their number, representing a central value. It is used in speed, age, and score problems, and changes predictably when one item is replaced.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound, unlike compound interest.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest. It is found by applying the rate repeatedly or using the compound formula.

The relationship that distance equals speed multiplied by time, used for journeys, trains, and relative motion. Unit conversion and relative speed for opposite or same directions are common pitfalls.

Words with the same or nearly the same meaning, and words with opposite meanings. Exam questions ask candidates to choose the closest match or the most contrasting word in context.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as a piece of cake meaning easy. Questions test the accepted meaning rather than a literal reading.

A task requiring a single word for a descriptive phrase, such as a person who loves books being called a bibliophile. It tests vocabulary range and precision.

Two ways of presenting a clause depending on whether the subject performs or receives the action. Conversion changes the verb form and often the subject, while keeping tense and meaning intact.

Reporting someone's words exactly, or reporting them with changes to pronouns, tense, and time words. Accurate conversion depends on the reporting verb and the original sentence type.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in she writes versus they write. Intervening phrases and collective nouns often complicate this agreement.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या और आलय मिलकर विद्यालय बनते हैं। इसके स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग भेद परीक्षा में पूछे जाते हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र अर्थात राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि आदि इसके प्रकार हैं।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे प्र और गति से प्रगति। प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया रूप या भाव बनाता है, जैसे लिख से लिखावट।

पर्यायवाची वे शब्द हैं जिनका अर्थ समान होता है, जैसे जल और पानी। विलोम वे शब्द हैं जिनके अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होते हैं, जैसे दिन और रात।

मुहावरा ऐसा वाक्यांश है जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से नहीं निकलता, जैसे आँखों में धूल झोंकना। लोकोक्ति एक पूर्ण कहावत है जो अनुभवजन्य सत्य व्यक्त करती है।

किसी लंबे वाक्यांश के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाला एक सटीक शब्द, जैसे जिसकी कोई तुलना न हो के लिए अनुपम। यह प्रश्न शब्दभंडार और सटीकता की परख करता है।