Bihar D.El.Ed cheat sheet

Bihar Diwas is observed on 22 March, marking the 1912 separation of Bihar from the Bengal Presidency; Patna is the state capital.

Bihar shares borders with Nepal in the north and with Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha; it is India's most densely populated major state.

The Kosi is nicknamed the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because of its shifting course and repeated floods; the Ganga is the main river, with Son, Gandak and Bagmati as tributaries.

Shri Krishna Singh was the first Chief Minister of Bihar after Independence (1946-1961); Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India's first President, was also from Bihar.

Nalanda and Vikramshila were ancient Buddhist monastic universities in Bihar; Bodh Gaya is the site of the Buddha's enlightenment.

The Right to Education Act, 2009 guarantees free and compulsory elementary education to children aged 6-14 and reserves 25% of seats in private unaided schools for disadvantaged groups.

Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002, makes free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 a Fundamental Right.

The National Education Policy 2020 replaced the 1986 policy, adopts a 5+3+3+4 school structure and targets public education spending of 6% of GDP.

मानक हिंदी वर्णमाला में 11 स्वर, 33 व्यंजन, 2 अयोगवाह (अनुस्वार तथा अनुनासिक) और 1 विसर्ग होते हैं।

संधि तीन प्रकार की होती है-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास के छह भेद हैं-अव्ययीभाव (यथाशक्ति), तत्पुरुष (राजपुत्र), कर्मधारय (नीलकमल), द्विगु (चौराहा), द्वंद्व (माता-पिता) और बहुव्रीहि (दशानन)।

आठ कारक हैं-कर्ता (ने), कर्म (को), करण (से), संप्रदान (के लिए), अपादान (से), संबंध (का/की/के), अधिकरण (में/पर) और संबोधन (हे/अरे)।

काल तीन हैं-वर्तमान, भूत और भविष्य; भूतकाल के छह भेद माने जाते हैं-सामान्य, पूर्ण, अपूर्ण, संदिग्ध, हेतुहेतुमद् और आकस्मिक।

नौ रस हैं-श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत; वात्सल्य श्रृंगार रस का अंग है।

अनुप्रास में एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति होती है, उपमा में 'सा/सम/तुल्य' वाचक शब्द आता है, रूपक में अभेद आरोप होता है और उत्प्रेक्षा में 'मानो/जनु' रहता है।

दोहे की प्रत्येक पंक्ति में 24 मात्राएँ होती हैं, चौपाई के प्रत्येक चरण में 16 मात्राएँ, तथा सोरठा दोहे का विलोम छंद है।

संज्ञा के तीन भेद हैं-व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक और भाववाचक; सर्वनाम के छह भेद हैं-पुरुषवाचक, निजवाचक, निश्चयवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक और संबंधवाचक।

The eight parts of speech are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.

Use 'a' before a consonant sound and 'an' before a vowel sound, judged by pronunciation: 'a university', 'an hour', 'an MLA'.

There are 12 tense forms, built from three times (present, past, future) and four aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous).

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; each, every, either and neither take singular verbs.

Only transitive verbs can be made passive; the passive is formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle, as in 'A letter was written by her'.

In reported speech, present becomes past, 'will' becomes 'would', 'today' becomes 'that day', and pronouns shift to the third person where needed.

Prepositions: 'since' takes a point of time, 'for' takes duration; 'at' is used for exact time, 'on' for days and dates, 'in' for months, years and long periods.

Common idioms: 'at the drop of a hat' means immediately, 'break the ice' means to start a conversation, 'a blessing in disguise' means an apparent misfortune that turns out well.

Language skills follow the LSRW order - Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing; listening and reading are receptive, speaking and writing are productive.

Area formulas: triangle = ½ × base × height; rectangle = l × b; parallelogram = base × height; trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height; circle = πr².

Perimeter formulas: rectangle = 2(l + b); square = 4a; circle (circumference) = 2πr; sum of all sides for any polygon.

Volume formulas: cube = a³; cuboid = l × b × h; cylinder = πr²h; cone = ⅓πr²h; sphere = (4/3)πr³.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular²; common triples are 3-4-5, 5-12-13 and 8-15-17.

Profit% = (Profit ÷ CP) × 100; Loss% = (Loss ÷ CP) × 100; discount is calculated on the marked price, profit on the cost price.

Simple interest = (P × R × T) ÷ 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)ⁿ − P; amount under SI = P + SI.

For two positive integers, HCF × LCM = product of the numbers; divisibility by 3 or 9 depends on the digit sum, by 4 on the last two digits, by 11 on the alternating digit-sum difference.

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; speed = distance ÷ time; if two workers finish a job in x and y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

Angle sums: triangle = 180°, quadrilateral = 360°, and any polygon with n sides = (n − 2) × 180°; the exterior angles of any polygon total 360°.

The seven SI base units cover length (metre), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), temperature (kelvin), amount of substance (mole) and luminous intensity (candela).

Newton's laws: a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force (F = ma), and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Ohm's law: V = IR at constant temperature; electric power P = VI = I²R = V²/R, and energy is measured in kilowatt-hours.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll; gas exchange occurs through stomata.

Human body facts: the heart has four chambers; there are 206 bones in an adult; the femur is the longest bone, the stapes the smallest, and the skin the largest organ.

Cell organelles: mitochondria release energy (powerhouse), ribosomes synthesise protein, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, and the nucleus contains DNA.

pH scale runs 0-14: below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue.

Disease-pathogen pairs: malaria-Plasmodium, tuberculosis-Mycobacterium, dengue-dengue virus spread by Aedes, polio-virus, and ringworm-fungus.

Light: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection; a converging lens uses 1/v − 1/u = 1/f, and the image in a plane mirror is virtual, erect and laterally inverted.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr. Rajendra Prasad chaired the Constituent Assembly and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the Drafting Committee.

Part III contains six Fundamental Rights; Part IV contains the Directive Principles of State Policy; Article 51A lists eleven Fundamental Duties added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976.

The 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to three-tier Panchayati Raj in rural areas, and the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 did the same for urban local bodies.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states; the Ganga is India's longest river; Kanchenjunga is the highest peak entirely within India.

Bihar in the freedom struggle: the Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi's first satyagraha in India, launched for indigo cultivators; the Patna Kalam is a distinctive school of miniature painting.

Freedom movement timeline: Revolt of 1857, Indian National Congress 1885, Partition of Bengal 1905, Jallianwala Bagh 1919, Dandi March 1930, Quit India 1942, Independence 1947.

The southwest monsoon brings rain from June to September; Mawsynram in Meghalaya records the world's highest average rainfall; Indian Standard Time is based on 82.5°E longitude.

The solar system's eight planets in order are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune; latitudes run east-west and longitudes run north-south from the Prime Meridian.

Percentage change = (change ÷ original value) × 100; to increase a number by x%, multiply by (1 + x/100).

Mean of grouped data = Σfx ÷ Σf, where x is the class mark; median of n ordered values is the middle value, or the mean of the two middle values when n is even.

Simple ratio problems: if a : b = 2 : 3 and b : c = 4 : 5, then a : b : c = 8 : 12 : 15.

Sum of the first n natural numbers = n(n + 1)/2; sum of the first n odd numbers = n².

If a number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%, the net result is a 4% decrease, not zero change.