Bihar D.El.Ed key terms

Bihar Diwas is celebrated every year on 22 March to mark the creation of Bihar as a separate province in 1912, when it was carved out of the Bengal Presidency during British rule.

Nalanda Mahavihara was an ancient Buddhist monastery and centre of higher learning in present-day Bihar. It flourished from the fifth to twelfth centuries CE and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 makes elementary education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen in India. It sets norms for schools, teachers and admission.

The National Education Policy 2020 is India's framework for reforming school and higher education. It replaces the 1986 policy, emphasises the 5+3+3+4 school structure, mother-tongue instruction and multidisciplinary learning.

PM POSHAN, earlier called the Mid-Day Meal Scheme, is a central government programme that provides hot cooked meals to schoolchildren in government and government-aided schools to improve nutrition and attendance.

Panchayati Raj is India's system of local self-government in rural areas. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave it constitutional status and mandated three tiers: village, block and district councils.

संज्ञा वह शब्द है जो किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, स्थान, भाव या प्राणी के नाम का बोध कराता है। जैसे राम, पुस्तक, पटना और मिठास संज्ञा शब्द हैं।

सर्वनाम वह शब्द है जो संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होकर भाषा को संक्षिप्त बनाता है। मैं, तुम, वह, हम और कोई सर्वनाम के उदाहरण हैं।

विशेषण वह शब्द है जो संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता, गुण, संख्या या मात्रा बताता है। जैसे 'लाल कमल' में लाल विशेषण है।

क्रिया वह शब्द है जो किसी कार्य के होने, करने या उसके परिणाम का बोध कराती है। वाक्य में क्रिया काल, पुरुष और वचन के अनुसार बदलती है।

संधि दो ध्वनियों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को कहते हैं। जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय में आ + आ मिलकर आ बनता है।

समास दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को कहते हैं। जैसे राजपुत्र में राजा और पुत्र का संबंध समास द्वारा जुड़ा है।

उपसर्ग वह अक्षर या शब्दांश है जो किसी मूल शब्द के आगे लगकर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है। जैसे 'प्र' + 'गति' = प्रगति।

मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्यांश है जिसका शब्दार्थ नहीं, बल्कि लाक्षणिक या विशेष अर्थ होता है। जैसे 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ बहुत प्रिय व्यक्ति होता है।

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal or idea. Examples include teacher, Patna, book and honesty. Nouns can be common, proper, countable or uncountable.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. Examples are he, she, it, they and who. Pronouns change form according to person, number and case.

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence or state of being. In a sentence, the verb usually agrees with the subject in person and number.

Active voice is a sentence pattern in which the subject performs the action of the verb. For example, 'The teacher explains the lesson' is active; the passive form is 'The lesson is explained by the teacher.'

Direct speech reports a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks. For example, She said, 'I am ready.' Indirect speech reports the same idea without quotation marks, often changing pronouns and tense.

An idiom is a fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal meanings of its individual words. For example, 'break the ice' means to start a conversation in an awkward situation.

The least common multiple, or LCM, is the smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers. For example, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.

The highest common factor, or HCF, is the largest number that divides two or more given numbers exactly without leaving a remainder. For example, the HCF of 12 and 18 is 6.

Percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. The symbol % means 'per hundred.' For example, 25% equals 25/100, or one quarter of a whole.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind by division, showing how many times one value contains the other. It is written as a:b. For example, 3:2 means three parts to two parts.

The average, or arithmetic mean, is found by adding all the given values and dividing the sum by the number of values. For example, the average of 2, 4 and 6 is 4.

Simple interest is interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, not on interest already earned. The formula is SI = (P × R × T) / 100.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy for this process.

Respiration is the process by which living cells release energy from food, usually glucose, by combining it with oxygen. It produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

Newton's laws of motion are three principles describing how forces affect motion. The first states that objects resist change in motion; the second links force, mass and acceleration; the third says every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It is bounded by a membrane and contains cytoplasm and genetic material; some cells also have a nucleus and organelles.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with one another and with their non-living surroundings, such as soil, water, air and sunlight. Energy flows through it and nutrients are recycled.

Fundamental Rights are basic rights guaranteed to Indian citizens by Part III of the Constitution. They include equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies.

Democracy is a system of government in which people elect their representatives through free and fair elections and the government is accountable to them. India is a parliamentary democracy with universal adult franchise.

Secularism in the Indian context means the state does not have an official religion and treats all religions equally. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to individuals and groups.

The monsoon is a seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India, usually from June to September. The southwest monsoon is vital for agriculture and water resources.

The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age civilisation that flourished around 2500 BCE in the north-western Indian subcontinent. It is known for planned cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, drainage systems and trade.