Bihar STET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the distance between what a learner can do independently and what she can achieve with guidance from a more capable adult or peer; it defines where scaffolding is useful.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass, number or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement; it develops in the concrete operational stage, roughly ages seven to eleven.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's principle that behaviour is shaped by its consequences: reinforcement increases the probability of a response and punishment decreases it; schedules of reinforcement alter persistence and rate.

Formative assessment

Continuous, diagnostic assessment used during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction; it is criterion-referenced and typically low-stakes, unlike terminal summative examinations.

Inclusive education

Practice of educating children with disabilities and diverse needs in regular neighbourhood schools with adapted curriculum, aids and resource support, rejecting both exclusion and mere unadapted placement.

Hrasva and deergha swar

Hindi vowels are short (hrasva: a, i, u, ri) or long (deergha: aa, ee, oo, e, ai, o, au); duration distinguishes meaning, as in 'din' versus 'deen'.

Swar sandhi

Hindi and Sanskrit vowel junction rules: dirgha merges similar vowels, gun produces 'o' or 'e', vriddhi produces 'au' or 'ai', and yan converts a vowel into its matching semivowel.

Sanskrit vibhakti

The eight case endings of Sanskrit nouns: prathama nominative, dvitiya accusative, tritiya instrumental, chaturthi dative, panchami ablative, shashthi genitive, saptami locative and sambodhan vocative.

Bahuvrihi samas

A Sanskrit compound in which the whole word denotes a person or thing outside the compound, such as 'peetambara' meaning one who wears yellow garments, not the garment itself.

Tirhuta script

The historical Mithilakshar writing system of the Maithili language, now largely replaced by Devanagari in schools and print; Maithili is listed in the Eighth Schedule.

Urdu letter positional forms

Urdu letters change shape according to position in a word: isolated, initial, medial and final; some letters such as alif never join to the following letter.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has or have plus the past participle; it expresses a past action whose result or relevance continues into the present, often with since, for, already or yet.

Second conditional

Structure 'if plus simple past, would plus base verb'; it expresses an unreal or improbable present or future condition, as in 'If I knew, I would tell you'.

Reported speech tense shift

In indirect speech after a past reporting verb, present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, and will becomes would; time and place words shift accordingly.

Subject-verb agreement with 'one of'

In 'one of plus plural noun', the verb agrees with 'one' and is singular; similarly 'each', 'every' and 'neither' take singular verbs in standard written English.

Diphthong

A single syllable containing a glide from one vowel quality to another, such as the sounds in 'boy', 'now' and 'my'; English has eight diphthongs in the standard description.

Inferential comprehension

Reading skill of drawing a conclusion not stated literally but supported by textual clues; the answer must be justified from the passage rather than from outside knowledge.

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of digits in odd places and the sum in even places is zero or a multiple of 11.

HCF-LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple equals the product of the numbers themselves.

Successive discount formula

Two successive discounts of a percent and b percent equal a single discount of a plus b minus ab divided by 100, applied to the marked price.

Compound interest

Interest computed on principal plus accumulated interest; amount after n years equals P times one plus R over 100 raised to the power n.

Heron's formula

Area of a triangle with sides a, b and c equals the square root of s times s minus a times s minus b times s minus c, where s is half the perimeter.

Average speed for equal distances

When equal distances are covered at speeds x and y, the average speed for the whole journey is 2xy divided by x plus y, not the arithmetic mean.

Sector area

Area of a circle sector equals theta over 360 multiplied by pi r squared, where theta is the central angle in degrees.

Ten percent law

Lindeman's rule that only about ten percent of energy at one trophic level passes to the next, which limits food chains to about four or five levels.

Photosynthesis equation

In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose, with oxygen released as a by-product.

Small intestine absorption

Most digestion and absorption occur here; bile emulsifies fats, pancreatic juice acts on all nutrients, and villi increase the absorbing surface.

Double circulation

Blood passes through the heart twice per cycle: pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body, keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.

Water cycle

Continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection; infiltration and percolation recharge groundwater.

Greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour that absorb outgoing infrared radiation and warm the lower atmosphere.

Latent heat of fusion

Heat absorbed when a solid melts at its melting point without any rise in temperature; the same quantity is released when the liquid freezes.

Biodegradable waste

Waste that microorganisms can break down into simpler harmless substances, such as vegetable peels and paper, unlike plastics which persist for long periods.