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Bihar STET Paper 1 study materials
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Bihar STET Paper 1 practice questions

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Question 1Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child who can classify objects by a single feature but still struggles to understand that the quantity of liquid stays the same when poured into a differently shaped glass is most likely in which stage?

  1. Formal operational stage
  2. Concrete operational stage
  3. Sensorimotor stage
  4. Pre-operational stage Correct answer.

Explanation

Pre-operational children (roughly 2 to 7 years) can use symbols and simple classification but have not yet acquired conservation, so they judge quantity by appearance. Conservation of liquid appears only in the concrete operational stage, when reversible thinking develops.

Question 2Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that a student who once needed step-by-step help to solve two-digit subtraction now completes similar sums independently and confidently. In Vygotsky's terms, this change shows that the skill has moved into the child's:

  1. Zone of proximal development
  2. Sensory-motor scheme
  3. Actual developmental level Correct answer.
  4. Assimilation schema

Explanation

Vygotsky distinguished the actual developmental level, which is what a learner can do unaided, from the zone of proximal development, which is what the learner can do only with assistance. Once the subtraction is performed independently, it belongs to the actual developmental level.

Question 3Child Development and Pedagogy

In Kohlberg's theory, a child who obeys classroom rules mainly to avoid punishment from the teacher is reasoning at which level?

  1. Post-conventional level
  2. Pre-conventional level Correct answer.
  3. Conventional level
  4. Formal level

Explanation

Kohlberg's pre-conventional level is guided by self-interest and avoidance of punishment or the pursuit of reward. Obedience based purely on fear of punishment is the classic hallmark of this first level.

Question 4Child Development and Pedagogy

A child says 'I goed to the market' instead of 'I went to the market.' This error is best explained by which process in language acquisition?

  1. Lack of exposure to spoken language
  2. Deficient vocabulary acquisition
  3. Overgeneralisation of a grammatical rule Correct answer.
  4. Delayed phonological development

Explanation

Children learning a language often apply a regular rule, such as adding '-ed' for past tense, to irregular verbs. This overgeneralisation shows that the child has internalised the rule and is actively constructing grammar rather than merely imitating.

Question 5Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'inclusive education' as applied in elementary classrooms?

  1. Teaching all children in a common classroom with support to address diverse needs Correct answer.
  2. Providing identical instruction to every child without any adaptation
  3. Focusing only on academically gifted learners
  4. Segregating children with disabilities into special schools

Explanation

Inclusive education means that children with diverse abilities and backgrounds learn together in the same mainstream classroom, with the curriculum and teaching adapted to meet their needs. It is not uniformity of instruction but differentiated support within a shared setting.

Question 6Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher gives a student a sticker each time the student raises a hand before speaking. Over time the student raises a hand more frequently. This is an example of:

  1. Negative reinforcement
  2. Positive reinforcement Correct answer.
  3. Extinction
  4. Punishment

Explanation

Positive reinforcement strengthens a behaviour by adding a pleasant consequence, here a sticker, after the desired act. Because something desirable is given following the behaviour, it is positive rather than negative reinforcement.

Question 7Child Development and Pedagogy

In a memory experiment, a teacher reads a list of twelve words and finds that students recall the first few words better than the middle ones. This phenomenon is known as:

  1. Flashbulb memory
  2. Serial position effect Correct answer.
  3. Retroactive inhibition
  4. Spacing effect

Explanation

The serial position effect describes how items at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list are recalled better than those in the middle. Better recall of the first words reflects the primacy portion of this effect.

Question 8Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who can sort blocks by colour, then by shape, and finally by both colour and shape at once is demonstrating development in:

  1. Egocentric speech
  2. Object permanence
  3. Classification and multiple grouping Correct answer.
  4. Conservation of number

Explanation

Sorting by one feature and then combining features reflects classification and the ability to handle multiple criteria simultaneously. This capability typically emerges in the concrete operational stage as logical thought becomes more flexible.

Question 9Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following is the best example of a formative assessment practice?

  1. Observing and questioning students during a lesson to adjust teaching Correct answer.
  2. Conducting an annual final examination
  3. Administering a standardised achievement test once a year
  4. Using a teacher-made test at the end of a term to assign grades

Explanation

Formative assessment is ongoing and used to gather information during instruction so that teaching can be adjusted to support learning. Observation and questioning in the middle of a lesson serve exactly this purpose.

Question 10Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher plans activities that are slightly beyond what a child can currently do alone but achievable with hints and peer support. This planning is grounded in which concept?

  1. Kohlberg's moral reasoning
  2. Erikson's identity crisis
  3. Piaget's schema equilibrium
  4. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development Correct answer.

Explanation

The zone of proximal development is the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance. Designing tasks that require hints and peer support targets precisely this zone.

Question 11Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the central conflict of the elementary school years (roughly 6 to 12 years) is:

  1. Trust versus mistrust
  2. Autonomy versus shame
  3. Industry versus inferiority Correct answer.
  4. Intimacy versus isolation

Explanation

Erikson placed industry versus inferiority in the school-age years, when children seek to master skills and gain competence through work and peer comparison. Success builds a sense of industry, while repeated failure can produce feelings of inferiority.

Question 12Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to reduce a student's habit of shouting out answers. Which strategy is most consistent with the principle of shaping?

  1. Removing the student from the classroom
  2. Ignoring the student entirely for the whole term
  3. Punishing every instance of shouting out
  4. Reinforcing successive approximations toward raising a hand Correct answer.

Explanation

Shaping reinforces successive approximations of a target behaviour, gradually moving the learner toward the desired response. Rewarding small steps, such as pausing before speaking and then raising a hand, builds the target behaviour systematically.

Question 13Child Development and Pedagogy

The concept of 'development proceeds from head to toe' in physical growth is called:

  1. Proximodistal pattern
  2. Cephalocaudal pattern Correct answer.
  3. Differentiation
  4. Integration

Explanation

The cephalocaudal pattern describes growth and motor control developing from the head downward, so infants control head and neck movements before their legs. The opposite direction, from centre to extremities, is the proximodistal pattern.

Question 14Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who believes that a tall, thin glass holds more water than a short, wide glass with the same amount is failing to understand:

  1. Classification
  2. Object permanence
  3. Conservation Correct answer.
  4. Seriation

Explanation

Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. Judging the taller glass as holding more shows that the child is centring on height and ignoring width.

Question 15Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher who provides a partially completed worked example and gradually withdraws support as learners gain competence is applying the idea of:

  1. Fading of scaffolding Correct answer.
  2. Latent learning
  3. Negative transfer
  4. Fixed interval reinforcement

Explanation

Scaffolding involves temporary support that is gradually removed, or faded, as the learner becomes more capable. The withdrawal of help is essential, since it shifts responsibility to the learner.

Question 16Child Development and Pedagogy

Which statement about the role of heredity and environment in development is most consistent with current understanding?

  1. Heredity and environment act independently at different ages
  2. Heredity alone determines all traits
  3. Development results from continuous interaction between heredity and environment Correct answer.
  4. Environment alone determines all traits

Explanation

Current developmental science treats nature and nurture as interacting continuously, with genetic potential expressed differently depending on environmental conditions. Neither factor operates in isolation, and their effects are not simply additive.

Question 17Child Development and Pedagogy

A learner who can use abstract, hypothetical reasoning and test propositions systematically is in which of Piaget's stages?

  1. Formal operational Correct answer.
  2. Concrete operational
  3. Sensorimotor
  4. Pre-operational

Explanation

The formal operational stage, beginning around age eleven, is marked by abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning and systematic testing of possibilities. Only this stage involves reasoning about propositions that are not tied to concrete objects.

Question 18Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher gives a short quiz after each lesson and uses the results to decide which concepts to reteach the next day. This practice best illustrates:

  1. Assessment for learning Correct answer.
  2. Aptitude testing
  3. Summative evaluation
  4. Norm-referenced testing

Explanation

Assessment for learning uses evidence gathered during teaching to inform and adjust subsequent instruction. The teacher's use of quiz results to plan reteaching is the defining feature of this approach.

Question 19Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best characterises a child with a learning disability, such as dyslexia, in an inclusive classroom?

  1. The child has average or above-average intelligence but a specific difficulty in an academic area Correct answer.
  2. The child has low general intelligence and cannot learn
  3. The child is deliberately careless and needs stricter discipline
  4. The child has a physical disability that affects mobility

Explanation

Specific learning disabilities such as dyslexia involve a marked difficulty in one academic area, such as reading, despite average or above-average general ability. They are not explained by low intelligence, laziness or physical impairment.

Question 20Child Development and Pedagogy

A student studies for an examination by spreading practice over several days instead of cramming the night before. This strategy is supported by research on:

  1. The primacy effect
  2. State-dependent memory
  3. The spacing effect Correct answer.
  4. Massed practice superiority

Explanation

The spacing effect shows that information practised across several distributed sessions is retained better than the same amount of practice massed together. Spreading study over days therefore supports long-term retention.

Question 21Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that a student who is popular and socially skilled performs well in group work but struggles with sustained independent study. Which interpretation is most appropriate?

  1. The student must have a learning disability because independent work is difficult
  2. Social skills and academic persistence are separate developmental domains that may develop unevenly Correct answer.
  3. Social popularity always predicts poor academic performance
  4. The student is deliberately avoiding work and should be isolated from peers

Explanation

Development occurs across social, emotional and cognitive domains, and a learner may be advanced in one while still developing in another. Uneven profiles are normal and call for targeted support in the weaker area rather than a diagnostic label.

Question 22Child Development and Pedagogy

Which classroom practice best reflects the principle of 'development is continuous and cumulative'?

  1. Grouping students permanently by initial ability
  2. Building new learning on previously established concepts and revisiting them Correct answer.
  3. Teaching every concept once and moving on regardless of mastery
  4. Testing students only at the end of the year

Explanation

Because development is continuous and cumulative, new understanding rests on earlier learning and is strengthened by revisiting and connecting ideas. Instruction that builds on prior knowledge and revisits concepts reflects this principle.

Question 23Child Development and Pedagogy

A child learns to speak two languages at home and school and can switch between them appropriately. This ability is best described as:

  1. A disorder of phonological processing
  2. Language delay caused by confusion
  3. Semilingualism
  4. Bilingualism with code-switching Correct answer.

Explanation

Bilingual children routinely switch languages according to context and interlocutor, a normal and adaptive behaviour called code-switching. It reflects competence in both languages rather than confusion or delay.

Question 24Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher uses a rubric with clear criteria to grade a project and shares it with students before they begin. The main purpose of sharing the rubric in advance is to:

  1. Ensure students copy the criteria without understanding
  2. Make grading easier for the teacher
  3. Clarify expectations and guide students' self-regulated work Correct answer.
  4. Replace all formative feedback

Explanation

Sharing a rubric before the task clarifies expectations and enables students to monitor and direct their own work. This supports self-regulated learning rather than merely easing the teacher's grading task.

Question 25Child Development and Pedagogy

A student who previously failed mathematics now attributes success to effort and strategy rather than luck. This change most directly reflects growth in:

  1. Self-efficacy and adaptive attribution Correct answer.
  2. External locus of control
  3. Fixed mindset
  4. Intrinsic motivation only

Explanation

Attributing success to effort and strategy rather than luck reflects an adaptive attribution style that strengthens self-efficacy. Believing that one's actions shape outcomes encourages persistence and further learning.

Question 26Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to support a child's language development in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom. Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

  1. Focus instruction on isolated grammar drills and rote repetition.
  2. Provide opportunities for collaborative dialogue with peers and the teacher. Correct answer.
  3. Discourage peer interaction during learning tasks to avoid errors.
  4. Wait until the child reaches a fixed maturational stage before introducing new language forms.

Explanation

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that learning occurs through social interaction, especially within the zone of proximal development. Collaborative dialogue allows children to internalize language and problem-solving strategies with guidance from more knowledgeable others. Isolated drills and waiting for maturation ignore the social and mediated nature of cognitive development.

Question 27Child Development and Pedagogy

A child in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom is asked to arrange a set of sticks from shortest to longest. According to Piaget's theory, which cognitive ability is the child primarily demonstrating?

  1. Conservation
  2. Seriation Correct answer.
  3. Object permanence
  4. Egocentrism

Explanation

Seriation is the ability to order objects along a quantitative dimension such as length, which typically develops in the concrete operational stage. Conservation refers to understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance. Object permanence and egocentrism are associated with earlier stages and different concepts.

Question 28Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that a student in her class often helps others without expecting rewards and consistently follows classroom rules even when the teacher is not watching. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage best describes this behaviour?

  1. Conventional level, stage 3 (good boy-good girl orientation)
  2. Post-conventional level, stage 6 (universal ethical principles)
  3. Conventional level, stage 4 (law and order orientation) Correct answer.
  4. Pre-conventional level, stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation)

Explanation

Kohlberg's stage 4 (law and order orientation) is characterized by a strong sense of duty, respect for authority, and maintaining social order. The student follows rules consistently and helps others because it is the right thing to do according to societal expectations. Stage 3 focuses on gaining approval, stage 2 on self-interest, and stage 6 on abstract ethical principles.

Question 29Child Development and Pedagogy

In a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom, a teacher uses a variety of activities such as group work, individual assignments, and hands-on projects to address the diverse learning needs of students. This practice is most directly supported by which theory?

  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Multiple intelligences theory Correct answer.
  3. Behaviourism
  4. Psychoanalytic theory

Explanation

Multiple intelligences theory, proposed by Gardner, suggests that individuals have different profiles of intelligences and learn best through varied instructional approaches. Using diverse activities aligns with addressing these different intelligences. Behaviourism, psychoanalytic theory, and classical conditioning do not focus on accommodating diverse learning styles in this way.

Question 30Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who has just entered school can classify objects by a single feature but struggles to understand that a dog can be both a pet and an animal. According to Piaget, this difficulty is best explained by:

  1. Lack of conservation
  2. Animistic thinking
  3. Egocentric thinking
  4. Inability to perform multiple classification Correct answer.

Explanation

In Piaget's concrete operational stage, children gradually develop the ability to classify objects on more than one dimension, but early on they may struggle with multiple classification. The example illustrates difficulty with hierarchical classification, not conservation, egocentrism, or animism. Conservation involves quantity, egocentrism involves perspective-taking, and animism involves attributing life to inanimate objects.

Question 31Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom wants to foster intrinsic motivation in students. Which of the following strategies is most likely to achieve this?

  1. Threatening punishment for incomplete work.
  2. Using public praise for high grades.
  3. Offering tangible rewards for completing homework.
  4. Providing opportunities for students to choose topics for projects. Correct answer.

Explanation

Intrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction and interest. Providing choices supports autonomy and personal relevance, which enhance intrinsic motivation. Tangible rewards, public praise, and threats are external controls that can undermine intrinsic motivation according to self-determination theory.

Question 32Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

  1. Development of conservation
  2. Ability to think abstractly
  3. Use of hypothetical reasoning
  4. Understanding of object permanence Correct answer.

Explanation

The sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years) is marked by the development of object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight. Conservation, abstract thought, and hypothetical reasoning emerge in later stages. This is a foundational milestone of the sensorimotor period.

Question 33Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to help a student who is struggling with a complex problem. According to Vygotsky, which of the following would be most effective?

  1. Giving the student a simpler task that is below their current level.
  2. Waiting for the student to develop the necessary cognitive structures naturally.
  3. Providing scaffolding and gradually reducing support as the student gains competence. Correct answer.
  4. Allowing the student to work alone without any assistance.

Explanation

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development suggests that learners benefit from scaffolding-temporary support that is gradually withdrawn as competence increases. Working alone, simplifying tasks below the student's level, or waiting for natural development do not provide the mediated assistance that promotes learning within the ZPD. Scaffolding is a key instructional application of Vygotsky's theory.

Question 34Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who understands that a ball of clay can be reshaped into a snake and still contains the same amount of clay is demonstrating:

  1. Irreversibility
  2. Centration
  3. Conservation Correct answer.
  4. Egocentrism

Explanation

Conservation is the understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance. Recognizing that the amount of clay is unchanged after reshaping indicates conservation. Centration is focusing on one aspect only, irreversibility is inability to mentally reverse actions, and egocentrism is difficulty taking another's perspective.

Question 35Child Development and Pedagogy

In the context of inclusive education in Bihar, a teacher uses a 'buddy system' where a more capable peer assists a student with a disability during classroom activities. This practice is most consistent with which principle?

  1. Behaviour modification through reinforcement
  2. Classical conditioning of social skills
  3. Peer tutoring within the zone of proximal development Correct answer.
  4. Maturational readiness

Explanation

The buddy system exemplifies peer tutoring, where a more knowledgeable peer provides assistance within the learner's zone of proximal development. This aligns with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. Behaviour modification, classical conditioning, and maturational readiness do not capture the collaborative, mediated learning inherent in peer tutoring.

Question 36Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom wants to assess a student's understanding of a concept in a way that provides immediate feedback and informs instruction. Which type of assessment is most appropriate?

  1. Summative assessment
  2. Norm-referenced assessment
  3. Formative assessment Correct answer.
  4. Standardized achievement test

Explanation

Formative assessment is designed to provide ongoing feedback during the learning process, allowing teachers to adjust instruction to meet student needs. Summative assessment evaluates learning at the end of a unit, norm-referenced assessment compares students to peers, and standardized tests are typically summative and not designed for immediate instructional feedback.

Question 37Child Development and Pedagogy

A student who consistently attributes failure in mathematics to lack of ability is likely to develop which of the following?

  1. High self-efficacy
  2. Learned helplessness Correct answer.
  3. Intrinsic motivation
  4. Mastery orientation

Explanation

Attributing failure to stable, internal, and uncontrollable factors such as lack of ability can lead to learned helplessness, where the student believes that effort will not change outcomes. High self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and mastery orientation are associated with attributing success to effort and strategy, not with a fixed view of ability.

Question 38Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'development is a lifelong process'?

  1. Development continues throughout the lifespan, including adulthood and old age. Correct answer.
  2. Development stops at adolescence.
  3. Development occurs only in childhood.
  4. Development is primarily determined by genetics.

Explanation

The lifespan perspective in developmental psychology emphasizes that development is a lifelong process that continues through adulthood and old age, involving gains and losses. Development does not stop at adolescence or occur only in childhood, and while genetics play a role, development is not primarily determined by them.

Question 39Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher uses a 'think-pair-share' strategy in the classroom. This strategy primarily supports which aspect of development?

  1. Social and emotional development Correct answer.
  2. Physical development
  3. Language development only
  4. Moral development

Explanation

Think-pair-share encourages students to think individually, discuss with a partner, and share with the group. This fosters social interaction, communication skills, and emotional regulation, thus supporting social and emotional development. While it may indirectly support language, its primary aim is to enhance collaborative learning and social skills.

Question 40Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage is characterized by the crisis of 'industry versus inferiority'?

  1. Middle childhood (6-12 years) Correct answer.
  2. Early childhood (3-6 years)
  3. Adolescence (12-18 years)
  4. Infancy (0-1.5 years)

Explanation

Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority occurs during middle childhood, roughly ages 6 to 12, when children are developing competence and self-esteem through school and social activities. Early childhood is initiative versus guilt, adolescence is identity versus role confusion, and infancy is trust versus mistrust.

Question 41Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that a student who is usually calm becomes aggressive when frustrated with a difficult task. According to emotional development, what is the most appropriate teacher response?

  1. Punish the student to deter future aggression.
  2. Ignore the behaviour to avoid reinforcing it.
  3. Teach the student self-regulation strategies and provide support. Correct answer.
  4. Label the student as a troublemaker.

Explanation

Aggression in response to frustration indicates a need for support in emotional regulation. Teaching self-regulation strategies helps the student learn to manage emotions constructively. Punishment, ignoring, or labeling can exacerbate the problem and do not address the underlying emotional needs.

Question 42Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following is an example of a child's gross motor skill?

  1. Writing with a pencil
  2. Cutting with scissors
  3. Running and jumping Correct answer.
  4. Stringing beads

Explanation

Gross motor skills involve large muscle movements such as running, jumping, and throwing. Fine motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements like writing, cutting, and stringing beads. Running and jumping are clear examples of gross motor development.

Question 43Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to promote gender equality in the classroom. Which of the following practices is most effective?

  1. Assigning classroom chores based on gender stereotypes.
  2. Using gender-neutral language and providing equal opportunities for all students. Correct answer.
  3. Encouraging only boys to participate in sports.
  4. Separating boys and girls for all activities.

Explanation

Promoting gender equality involves challenging stereotypes and ensuring all students have equal opportunities. Using gender-neutral language and providing equal opportunities helps create an inclusive environment. Assigning chores by gender, separating sexes, and limiting participation reinforce stereotypes and inequality.

Question 44Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget, during which stage do children begin to use symbols and engage in pretend play?

  1. Preoperational stage Correct answer.
  2. Sensorimotor stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operational stage

Explanation

The preoperational stage (roughly 2 to 7 years) is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thought, including language and pretend play. The sensorimotor stage involves direct sensory and motor interactions, while concrete and formal operational stages involve more advanced logical and abstract reasoning.

Question 45Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom is concerned about a student who has difficulty reading and spelling despite adequate instruction. The teacher suspects a learning disability. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. Provide the same instruction as for other students without modifications.
  2. Ignore the problem as it will resolve with age.
  3. Refer the student for a formal assessment by a specialist. Correct answer.
  4. Label the student as lazy and unmotivated.

Explanation

When a learning disability is suspected, the appropriate first step is to refer the student for a comprehensive assessment by a qualified professional to confirm the diagnosis and inform intervention. Ignoring the problem, labeling the student negatively, or providing unmodified instruction can delay necessary support and harm the student's progress.

Question 46Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'inclusive education'?

  1. Educating all students, including those with disabilities, in the same classroom with appropriate support. Correct answer.
  2. Educating students with disabilities in separate special schools.
  3. Providing education only to students who can meet standard academic criteria.
  4. Focusing on the needs of gifted students only.

Explanation

Inclusive education means that all students, regardless of disabilities or differences, learn together in the same classroom with necessary supports and accommodations. It does not involve segregation in special schools, exclusion based on academic criteria, or focusing solely on gifted students.

Question 47Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher uses a 'token economy' system where students earn tokens for desired behaviours and exchange them for rewards. This approach is based on which learning theory?

  1. Constructivism
  2. Cognitive developmental theory
  3. Behaviourism Correct answer.
  4. Social learning theory

Explanation

A token economy is based on behaviourism, specifically operant conditioning, where tokens serve as secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for primary rewards. Constructivism focuses on building knowledge, social learning theory emphasizes observation and modeling, and cognitive developmental theory focuses on mental processes.

Question 48Child Development and Pedagogy

A student who is consistently praised for effort rather than intelligence is likely to develop which of the following?

  1. Learned helplessness
  2. A growth mindset Correct answer.
  3. A fixed mindset
  4. Low self-efficacy

Explanation

Praising effort encourages a growth mindset, the belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. This contrasts with a fixed mindset, where intelligence is seen as static. Learned helplessness and low self-efficacy are associated with negative experiences, not with effort praise.

Question 49Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget, which of the following is a limitation of preoperational thought?

  1. Egocentrism Correct answer.
  2. Ability to conserve
  3. Hypothetical thinking
  4. Abstract reasoning

Explanation

Egocentrism, the inability to distinguish one's own perspective from others', is a key limitation of preoperational thought. Conservation, abstract reasoning, and hypothetical thinking are abilities that develop in later stages (concrete and formal operational).

Question 50Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher in a Bihar STET Paper 1 classroom wants to support a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which of the following strategies is most appropriate?

  1. Providing clear, structured instructions and frequent breaks. Correct answer.
  2. Ignoring the student's off-task behaviour.
  3. Seating the student at the back of the classroom to minimize distractions.
  4. Assigning lengthy, complex tasks without breaks.

Explanation

Students with ADHD benefit from clear structure, concise instructions, and opportunities for movement or breaks to manage attention and impulsivity. Seating at the back may increase distractions, ignoring off-task behaviour is ineffective, and lengthy tasks without breaks can exacerbate difficulties.