Odisha BSE HSC Hindi (Second Language) flashcards

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अपठित गद्यांश

A prose passage not from the prescribed textbook, followed by questions on its central idea, word meanings, synonyms, antonyms, and idioms; answers must be supported by the passage itself.

मुख्य भाव

The central idea or dominant sentiment of a passage or poem. In exams it is stated in one sentence covering the whole extract, not a detail from one line.

पर्यायवाची

A synonym: a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another, such as रवि, भानु, and दिनकर for सूर्य. Questions ask for one or more equivalents of a given word.

विलोम

An antonym: a word of opposite meaning, such as प्रकाश for अंधकार or जीत for हार. Some are formed with prefixes like अ-, अन-, or नि-, but many are separate words.

संधि

The joining of two sounds or words where the final sound of the first and the initial sound of the second combine into one form, as विद्या + आलय becomes विद्यालय. Types are स्वर, व्यंजन, and विसर्ग.

स्वर संधि

Vowel sandhi, where two vowels meet and change: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय, or नर + इंद्र = नरेंद्र. The resulting vowel may be long, diphthongized, or replaced by a semivowel.

व्यंजन संधि

Consonant sandhi, where a consonant contact produces a changed consonant: सत् + जन = सज्जन, or उत् + हार = उद्धार. The final consonant of the first word is often assimilated.

विसर्ग संधि

Sandhi involving a final visarga (ः), which may become s, r, o, or disappear: निः + चय = निश्चय, दुः + ख = दुःख. The change depends on the following sound.

समास

A compound word formed by joining two or more words, analysed by the relationship between members. Main exam types are तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, द्विगु, and अव्ययीभाव.

तत्पुरुष समास

A compound whose last member is the head and whose earlier member carries a case relation: राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र. The compound is explained by expanding the case marker between members.

द्वंद्व समास

A compound joining two coordinate words that could be linked by और: राम-लक्ष्मण = राम और लक्ष्मण, माता-पिता = माता और पिता. Both members carry equal weight.

बहुव्रीहि समास

A compound whose referent is neither member but a third entity described by both: दशानन (ten-faced, i.e., Ravan) or चक्रधर (disc-holder, i.e., Vishnu). The head lies outside the members.

द्विगु समास

A compound whose first member is a numeral and which denotes a collection or quantity: त्रिलोक (three worlds), चौराहा (four roads). The numeral member comes first.

अव्ययीभाव समास

A compound whose first member is an indeclinable (अव्यय) such as प्रति, यथा, or नि, and which functions as an indeclinable: प्रतिदिन (every day), यथाशक्ति (according to ability).

अलंकार

A poetic device that ornaments language. Common exam types are अनुप्रास (alliteration), उपमा (simile), रूपक (metaphor), यमक (repeated word, different sense), and मानवीकरण (personification).

अनुप्रास अलंकार

Alliteration: repetition of the same consonant sound, usually initial, in nearby words, as in चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें. The repetition must be audible, not merely of letters.

उपमा अलंकार

Simile: one thing is compared to another of a different class using a comparison word such as सा, सी, सम, or जैसा, as in मुख चंद्रमा के समान. The comparison is explicit.

रूपक अलंकार

Metaphor: the subject is identified with the object of comparison, with no comparison word, as in 'चरण-कमल बंदौं हरिराई' where feet are called lotuses. The identification is direct.

यमक अलंकार

A figure in which the same word form is repeated with a different meaning each time, as कनक (gold) and कनक (a flower). Repetition of sound plus change of sense defines it.

कर्तृवाच्य

Active voice: the subject is the doer and the verb agrees with it, as in 'श्याम ने पत्र लिखा'. The object stays in the object case and the verb carries the action directly.

कर्मवाच्य

Passive voice: the object becomes the grammatical subject, the verb takes the perfect participle plus जाना, and the agent is marked with से or के द्वारा: 'श्याम के द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया'.

भाववाच्य

A voice used with intransitive verbs where the action is presented impersonally and the verb takes the neuter singular form, as in 'मोहन से चला नहीं जाता' or 'स्त्रियों से हँसा जाता है'.

प्रत्यक्ष से अप्रत्यक्ष

Direct to indirect speech: quotation marks are dropped, कि is added, pronouns shift to third person, and time or place words change, e.g., कल becomes अगले दिन and मैं becomes वह.

कारक

The grammatical relation of a noun or pronoun to the verb, marked in Hindi by postpositions: ने (कर्ता), को (कर्म), से (करण or अपादान), के लिए (संप्रदान), का (संबंध), and में/पर (अधिकरण).

संप्रदान कारक

The case of the recipient or beneficiary, marked by के लिए, as in 'माँ के लिए फल लाओ'. The question word is किसके लिए, and the postposition signals purpose or benefit.

अपादान कारक

The case of separation or source, marked by से, as in 'पेड़ से फल गिरा' or 'गाँव से आया'. The question word is किससे, and the sense is removal, origin, or comparison.

मुहावरा

A fixed idiomatic expression whose meaning is figurative rather than literal: आँख का तारा means very dear, and नौ दो ग्यारह होना means to run away. It does not change form.

लोकोक्ति

A proverb or popular saying expressing a general truth or comment, such as 'अब पछताए होत क्या, जब चिड़ियाँ चुग गईं खेत'. It is a complete sentence, unlike a मुहावरा.

औपचारिक पत्र

A formal letter to an official or institution: it includes the sender's address, date, addressee and designation, a subject line, formal salutation, body, and a closing such as भवदीय or सादर.

अनौपचारिक पत्र

A personal letter to family or friends: it includes the sender's address, date, an affectionate salutation such as प्रिय मित्र, a conversational body, and a closing such as आपका or तुम्हारा.

निबंध

A structured prose composition with an introduction, two or three developed body paragraphs containing examples, and a brief conclusion, written to a stated word limit on a given topic.

काल

Tense: the form of the verb indicating time and aspect. Hindi distinguishes सामान्य, अपूर्ण, and पूर्ण forms in वर्तमान, भूत, and भविष्यत्, e.g., करता है, कर रहा है, किया.