Odisha BSE Madhyama Sanskruta Vyakarana O Darshan flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Guṇa sandhi

Combination in which a/ā before i/ī gives e, before u/ū gives o, before ṛ gives ar, and before ḷ gives al; upa + indra → upendra.

Vṛddhi sandhi

Combination in which a/ā before e/ai gives ai and before o/au gives au; sadā + eva → sadaiva illustrates ā + e → ai.

Savarṇa dīrgha sandhi

Like vowels combine into their long counterpart: a/ā + a/ā → ā, i/ī + i/ī → ī, u/ū + u/ū → ū; rāma + ālayam → rāmālayam.

Visarga before short a

Final -aḥ before a short a becomes -o and the a is elided, written with avagraha: rāmaḥ agacchat → rāmo 'gacchat.

Rāma declension

A-stem masculine paradigm: rāmaḥ/rāmau/rāmāḥ; rāmam/rāmau/rāmān; rāmeṇa/rāmābhyāṃ/rāmaiḥ; rāmasya/rāmayoḥ/rāmāṇām; rāme/rāmeṣu.

Hari declension

I-stem masculine paradigm: hariḥ/harī/harayaḥ; harim/harī/harīn; hariṇā/haribhiḥ; haraye/haribhyaḥ; hareḥ/haryoḥ/harīṇām; harau/hariṣu.

Tad pronoun forms

Masculine pronoun: saḥ/tau/te; tam/tau/tān; tena/taiḥ; tasmai/tebhyaḥ; tasmāt/tebhyaḥ; tasya/teṣām; tasmin/teṣu.

Laṭ lakāra

Present tense; parasmaipada √bhū gives bhavāmi, bhavasi, bhavati, bhavāvaḥ, bhavathaḥ, bhavataḥ, bhavāmaḥ, bhavatha, bhavanti.

Loṭ lakāra

Imperative mood; √bhū forms are bhavāni, bhava, bhavatu, bhavāva, bhavatam, bhavatām, bhavāma, bhavata, bhavantu.

Laṅ lakāra

Imperfect tense; √bhū forms are abhavam, abhavaḥ, abhavat, abhavāva, abhavatam, abhavatām, abhavāma, abhavata, abhavan.

Liṅ lakāra

Optative mood; √bhū forms are bhaveyam, bhaveḥ, bhavet, bhaveva, bhavetam, bhavetām, bhavema, bhaveta, bhaveyuḥ.

Karma kāraka

Object of a transitive action, marked by dvitīyā; in rāmaḥ odanam pacati, odanam is karma because it receives the cooking action.

Karaṇa kāraka

Instrument or means of an action, marked by tṛtīyā; in rāmaḥ daṇḍena phalaṃ bhinatti, daṇḍena is karaṇa.

Sampradāna kāraka

Recipient of an action, typically marked by caturthī; in guruḥ śiṣyāya pustakaṃ dadāti, śiṣyāya is sampradāna.

Dvandva compound

Copulative compound whose members are joined by ca; rāmaś ca lakṣmaṇaś ca yields rāmalakṣmaṇau, with members in the same case.

Bahuvrīhi compound

Possessive compound denoting a possessor of its members; dīrghabāhuḥ means 'one whose arms are long', not 'long arm'.

Avyayībhāva compound

Compound with an indeclinable first member, often expressing proximity or manner; upa + giri → upagiri, 'near the mountain'.

Taddhita suffix

Derivational suffix added to a noun or pronoun to form a new noun or adjective, as daśarathasya apatyaṃ → dāśarathiḥ, 'son of Daśaratha'.

Kṛdanta formation

Noun or adjective formed from a verbal root plus a kṛt suffix, e.g. kṛ + -aka → kāraka, gam + -ana → gamana, kṛ + -tavya → kartavya.

Stripratyaya

Feminine-forming suffix such as ṭāp (-ā) or ṅīṣ (-ī); rāma → rāmā and kumāra → kumārī illustrate these formations.

Pratyāhāra

Shorthand sound class formed from a Śiva-sūtra by taking its first sound and final anubandha, e.g. aṇ = a i u.

Anuvṛtti

Continuation of a word or rule from earlier sūtras into later ones; a later Pāṇinian sūtra is read together with inherited terms.

Adhikāra

Governing sūtra that sets the scope for following rules, which remain in force until the adhikāra section ends.

Nyāya darśana

Āstika school founded by Gautama, known for logic and debate; it accepts four pramāṇas and analyzes sixteen padārthas.

Sāṃkhya darśana

Āstika school of Īśvarakṛṣṇa's Sāṃkhyakārikā; it explains reality through puruṣa and prakṛti and enumerates twenty-five tattvas.

Yoga darśana

Patañjali's āstika system defining yoga as cittavṛttinirodha; its eight limbs include yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, dhyāna, and samādhi.

Cārvāka darśana

Materialist nāstika school accepting only pratyakṣa; it denies afterlife, karma, and rebirth and seeks pleasure in this life.

Bauddha darśana

Nāstika system of the Buddha teaching Four Noble Truths, pratītyasamutpāda, anātman, and duḥkha; it accepts pratyakṣa and anumāna.

Jaina darśana

Nāstika system teaching anekāntavāda, syādvāda, ahiṃsā, karma, and mokṣa; its Tattvārthasūtra lists seven tattvas.

Pratyakṣa pramāṇa

Direct perception through the senses and mind; it is the only pramāṇa accepted by Cārvāka and the first of Nyāya's four.

Anumāna pramāṇa

Inference from a liṅga to a sādhya through vyāpti; its five-member form is pratijñā, hetu, udāharaṇa, upanaya, nigamana.

Hetvābhāsa

Fallacious reason in inference; its types include savyabhicāra, viruddha, satpratipakṣa, asiddha, and bādhita.