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Odisha BSE Madhyama Sanskruta Vyakarana O Darshan study materials
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Odisha BSE Madhyama Sanskruta Vyakarana O Darshan practice questions

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Question 1Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘हिम’ ଓ ‘आलयः’ - ଏହି ଦୁଇ ପଦର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. हिमयालयः
  2. हिमालयः Correct answer.
  3. हिमआलयः
  4. हिमेलयः

Explanation

ସବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୀର୍ଘ ସନ୍ଧିର ନିୟମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଅ କିମ୍ବା ଆ ପରେ ଆ ଆସିଲେ ଦୁଇଟି ମିଶି ଦୀର୍ଘ ଆ ହୁଏ । ‘हिम’ ର ଅ ଓ ‘आलय’ ର ଆ ମିଶି ଆ ହେତୁ ‘हिमालयः’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏଠାରେ ଗୁଣ କିମ୍ବା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଆଦେଶ ଲାଗୁ ନାହିଁ, କେବଳ ସବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୀର୍ଘ ହୁଏ ।

Question 2Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘रामः गच्छति’ ରେ ‘रामः’ ର ବିସର୍ଗ କେଉଁ ଆଦେଶ ପାଏ?

  1. स्
  2. अ
  3. र्
  4. ओ Correct answer.

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ ଘୋଷ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ (ଯଥା ଗ, ଘ, ଙ, ଜ, ଭ ଆଦି) ଆସିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗ ‘ଓ’ ହୁଏ । ‘रामः गच्छति’ ରେ ଗ ଘୋଷ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଥିବାରୁ ‘रामो गच्छति’ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ନିୟମକୁ ବିସର୍ଗ ସନ୍ଧି କୁହାଯାଏ ।

Question 3Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘सत्’ ଓ ‘जनः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. सत्जनः
  2. सद्जनः
  3. सज्जनः Correct answer.
  4. सजनः

Explanation

ତ୍ ବା ଦ୍ ପରେ ଜ ଆସିଲେ ତ୍/ଦ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଜ ହୋଇ ଦ୍ୱିତ୍ୱ ଜ ହୁଏ, ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ‘ज् + ज्’ । ‘सत् + जनः’ ରେ त् ପରେ ज् ଆସିଥିବାରୁ ‘सज्जनः’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏଠାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ପଦର ତ୍ ଲୋପ ପାଇ ଜ୍ଜ ଆଦେଶ ହୁଏ ।

Question 4Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘नर’ ଓ ‘इन्द्रः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. नरैन्द्रः
  2. नरेन्द्रः Correct answer.
  3. नरिन्द्रः
  4. नरइन्द्रः

Explanation

ଗୁଣ ସନ୍ଧିରେ ଅ/ଆ ପରେ ଇ/ଈ ଆସିଲେ ‘ए’ ହୁଏ । ‘नर’ ର ଅ ଓ ‘इन्द्र’ ର इ ମିଶି ए ହେତୁ ‘नरेन्द्रः’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏଠାରେ ‘अ + इ = ए’ ଏହି ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଯୁଜ୍ୟ ।

Question 5Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘एक’ ଓ ‘एक’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ହୁଏ?

  1. एकेक
  2. एकैकः
  3. एकैक Correct answer.
  4. एकाएक

Explanation

ବୃଦ୍ଧି ସନ୍ଧିରେ ଅ/ଆ ପରେ ए/ऐ ଆସିଲେ ‘ऐ’ ହୁଏ । ‘एक’ ର अ ଓ ‘एक’ ର ए ମିଶି ऐ ହେତୁ ‘एकैक’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏହା ‘अ + ए = ऐ’ ନିୟମର ଉଦାହରଣ ।

Question 6Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘इति’ ଓ ‘आदि’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. इतिआदि
  2. इतियादि
  3. इत्यादि Correct answer.
  4. इत्यादिः

Explanation

ଯଣ୍ ସନ୍ଧିରେ इ/ई ପରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ୱର ଆସିଲେ इ/ई ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘य्’ ହୁଏ । ‘इति’ ର इ ଓ ‘आदि’ ର आ ମିଶି ‘इत्यादि’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏଠାରେ ‘इ + आ = या’ ଆଦେଶ ଲାଗୁ ହୁଏ ।

Question 7Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘पुरः’ ଓ ‘अपि’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ହୁଏ?

  1. पुरापि
  2. पुरोऽपि Correct answer.
  3. पुरोअपि
  4. पुरःअपि

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ ‘अ’ ଆସିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗ ‘ओ’ ହୁଏ ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ‘अ’ ଲୋପ ପାଇ ଅବଗ୍ରହ (ऽ) ଚିହ୍ନ ରହେ । ‘पुरः + अपि’ ରେ ‘पुरोऽपि’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏହା ବିସର୍ଗ ସନ୍ଧିର ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ନିୟମ ।

Question 8Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘सम्’ ଓ ‘तोषः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. संतोषः Correct answer.
  2. सम्तोषः
  3. सन्तोषः
  4. सँतोषः

Explanation

ମ୍ ପରେ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଆସିଲେ ମ୍ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଅନୁସ୍ୱାର (ं) ହୁଏ । ‘सम् + तोषः’ ରେ म् ପରେ त् ଥିବାରୁ ‘संतोषः’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏହି ନିୟମ ଅନୁସ୍ୱାର ସନ୍ଧି ଅଟେ ।

Question 9Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘कः’ ଓ ‘चित्’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ହୁଏ?

  1. कश्चित् Correct answer.
  2. कस्चित्
  3. कच्चित्
  4. कष्चित्

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ ‘च्’ କିମ୍ବା ‘छ्’ ଆସିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗ ‘श्’ ହୁଏ । ‘कः + चित्’ ରେ ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ च् ଥିବାରୁ ‘कश्चित्’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏଠାରେ ‘ः + च् = श्च्’ ଆଦେଶ ଲାଗୁ ହୁଏ ।

Question 10Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘वाक्’ ଓ ‘ईशः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. वाक्ईशः
  2. वाकीशः
  3. वागिशः
  4. वागीशः Correct answer.

Explanation

ଜଶ୍ତ୍ୱ ସନ୍ଧିରେ କ୍/ଟ୍/ପ୍ ଆଦି ଅଘୋଷ ସ୍ପର୍ଶ ପରେ ସ୍ୱର ଆସିଲେ ସେହି ସ୍ପର୍ଶ ଘୋଷ ହୁଏ । ‘वाक् + ईशः’ ରେ क् ପରେ ई ଥିବାରୁ क् ‘ग्’ ହୋଇ ‘वागीशः’ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ । ଏହା ‘क् + ई = गी’ ର ଉଦାହରଣ ।

Question 11Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘सूर्य’ ଓ ‘उदयः’ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସନ୍ଧି ହେଲେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. सूर्यादयः
  2. सूर्योदयः Correct answer.
  3. सूर्युदयः
  4. सूर्यौदयः

Explanation

‘सूर्य’ ର ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ ‘अ’ ପରେ ‘उदय’ ର ଆଦି ‘उ’ ଆସିଛି। अ + उ ମିଳିଲେ गुण ସନ୍ଧି ଅନୁସାରେ ‘ओ’ ହୁଏ, ତେଣୁ सूर्य + उदयः = सूर्योदयः। ଏଠାରେ ‘औ’ କିମ୍ବା ‘आ’ ଆଦେଶ ଲାଗୁ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ।

Question 12Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘जगत्’ ଓ ‘नाथः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. जगद्नाथः
  2. जगच्नाथः
  3. जगत्नाथः
  4. जगन्नाथः Correct answer.

Explanation

‘जगत्’ ର ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ ‘त्’ ପରେ ‘न’ ଥିବାରୁ ଅନୁନାସିକ ସନ୍ଧି ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ‘त्’ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘न्’ ଆସେ। ସେଥିପାଇଁ जगत् + नाथः = जगन्नाथः। ଏହା ‘त्’ ର ପରସବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପ।

Question 13Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘नरः’ ଓ ‘च’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ହୁଏ?

  1. नरच्च
  2. नरस्च
  3. नरश्च Correct answer.
  4. नरष्च

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ ‘च’ ଥିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗ ‘श्’ ହୁଏ। ଏହି ନିୟମରେ नरः + च = नरश्च। ଏଠାରେ ‘स्’ କିମ୍ବା ‘ष्’ ଆଦେଶ ହେବା ଭୁଲ୍।

Question 14Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘इति’ ଓ ‘उक्तम्’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. इत्युक्तम्
  2. इतिउक्तम्
  3. इत्योक्तम्
  4. इत्यूक्तम् Correct answer.

Explanation

‘इति’ ର ‘इ’ ପରେ ‘उक्तम्’ ର ‘उ’ ଆସିଥିବାରୁ यण् ସନ୍ଧି ହୁଏ: इ + उ = य् + उ। ତେଣୁ इति + उक्तम् = इत्युक्तम्, ଏବଂ ‘इ’ ଲୋପ ପାଇ ‘य्’ ଆଦେଶ ହୁଏ।

Question 15Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘मुनि’ ଓ ‘ईशः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. मुनीश
  2. मुनिशः
  3. मुन्यीशः
  4. मुनीशः Correct answer.

Explanation

‘मुनि’ ର ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ ‘इ’ ଓ ‘ईशः’ ର ଆଦି ‘ई’ ମିଳିତ ହେଲେ दीर्घ ‘ई’ ହୁଏ। ତେଣୁ मुनि + ईशः = मुनीशः; ଏଠାରେ यण् କିମ୍ବା गुण ନୁହେଁ।

Question 16Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘वाक्’ ଓ ‘मयः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. वाङ्मयः Correct answer.
  2. वाक्मयः
  3. वाग्मयः
  4. वाञ्मयः

Explanation

‘वाक्’ ର ‘क्’ ପରେ ‘म्’ ଥିବାରୁ ପରସବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିୟମରେ ‘क्’ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘ङ्’ ହୁଏ। ତେଣୁ वाक् + मयः = वाङ्मयः; ‘ग्’ କିମ୍ବା ‘क्’ ରହିବା ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧ।

Question 17Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘नरः’ ଓ ‘तरति’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. नरश्तरति
  2. नरष्तरति
  3. नरतरति
  4. नरस्तरति Correct answer.

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ପରେ ‘त्’ ଥିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗ ‘स्’ ହୁଏ। ଏହି ନିୟମରେ नरः + तरति = नरस्तरति; ‘श्’ କିମ୍ବା ‘ष्’ ଆଦେଶ ଏଠାରେ ଲାଗୁ ନୁହେଁ।

Question 18Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘सदा’ ଓ ‘एव’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ହୁଏ?

  1. सदयेव
  2. सदेव
  3. सदाव
  4. सदैव Correct answer.

Explanation

‘सदा’ ର ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ ‘आ’ ପରେ ‘एव’ ର ‘ए’ ଆସିଥିବାରୁ वृद्धि ସନ୍ଧି ହୁଏ: आ + ए = ऐ। ତେଣୁ सदा + एव = सदैव; ଏଠାରେ ‘ए’ କେବଳ ରହିବ ନାହିଁ।

Question 19Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘यदि’ ଓ ‘अपि’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. यद्यपि Correct answer.
  2. यदियपि
  3. यदपि
  4. यद्यापि

Explanation

‘यदि’ ର ଅନ୍ତ୍ୟ ‘इ’ ପରେ ‘अपि’ ର ‘अ’ ଆସିଥିବାରୁ यण् ସନ୍ଧି ହୁଏ: इ + अ = य् + अ। ତେଣୁ यदि + अपि = यद्यपि; ଏହା ସ୍ୱର ସନ୍ଧିର ଏକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ନିୟମ।

Question 20Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘तत्’ ଓ ‘शिवः’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. तत्शिवः
  2. तच्शिवः
  3. तश्शिवः
  4. तच्छिवः Correct answer.

Explanation

‘तत्’ ର ‘त्’ ପରେ ‘श्’ ଥିଲେ ‘त्’ ‘च्’ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ‘श्’ ‘छ्’ ହୁଏ। ତେଣୁ तत् + शिवः = तच्छिवः; ଏଠାରେ ‘त्’ କିମ୍ବା ‘श्’ ଅପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ରହେ ନାହିଁ।

Question 21Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘रामः’ ଓ ‘अस्ति’ - ଏହି ଦୁଇ ପଦର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. रामास्ति
  2. रामोऽस्ति Correct answer.
  3. रामोअस्ति
  4. रामःअस्ति

Explanation

ବିସର୍ଗ ସନ୍ଧିର ନିୟମ ଅନୁସାରେ ‘ः’ ପରେ ‘अ’ ଆସିଲେ ବିସର୍ଗର ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘ओ’ ଆଦେଶ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ‘अ’ ଲୋପ ପାଏ। ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଅବଗ୍ରହ (ऽ) ଚିହ୍ନ ରଖାଯାଏ। ତେଣୁ रामः + अस्ति = रामोऽस्ति ହେଉଥିବାରୁ ଏହା ଏକମାତ୍ର ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ।

Question 22Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘तत्’ ଓ ‘अपि’ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସନ୍ଧି ହେଲେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. तत्अपि
  2. तचपि
  3. तदपि Correct answer.
  4. तत्तपि

Explanation

ପଦାନ୍ତରେ ଥିବା ‘त्’ ପରେ ସ୍ୱର ଆସିଲେ ‘त्’ ର ସ୍ଥାନରେ ‘द्’ ଆଦେଶ ହୁଏ; ଏହା ଏକ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ସନ୍ଧି ନିୟମ। ତେଣୁ तत् + अपि = तदपि, ଏଥିରେ ‘त्’ ର ‘द्’ ହେବା ହିଁ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ସନ୍ଧି।

Question 23Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘गज’ ଓ ‘आननम्’ ର ସନ୍ଧିରେ କେଉଁ ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ?

  1. गजाननम् Correct answer.
  2. गज्याननम्
  3. गजेननम्
  4. गजआननम्

Explanation

‘अ’ ପରେ ‘आ’ ଆସିଲେ ସବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦୀର୍ଘ ସନ୍ଧି ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଉଭୟ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ‘आ’ ରହେ। ଏଠାରେ ‘गज’ ର ଅନ୍ତିମ ‘अ’ ଓ ‘आननम्’ ର ଆରମ୍ଭ ‘आ’ ମିଶି ‘आ’ ହେଉଛି। ତେଣୁ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ गजाननम्।

Question 24Sandhi (vowel, consonant and visarga combinations; splitting and joining)

‘महर्षिः’ ପଦର ଠିକ୍ ସନ୍ଧିଚ୍ଛେଦ କେଉଁଟି?

  1. मह + ऋषिः
  2. महा + र्षिः
  3. महत् + ऋषिः
  4. महा + ऋषिः Correct answer.

Explanation

ଗୁଣ ସନ୍ଧି ନିୟମରେ ‘आ’ ପରେ ‘ऋ’ ଆସିଲେ ‘अर्’ ଆଦେଶ ହୁଏ। ଏଠାରେ ‘महा’ ର ‘आ’ ଓ ‘ऋषिः’ ର ‘ऋ’ ମିଶି ‘अर्’ ହେଉଛି। ତେଣୁ ସନ୍ଧିଚ୍ଛେଦ महा + ऋषिः ଏବଂ ସିଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ महर्षिः।

Question 25Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the declension of the a-kāra puṃliṅga śabda 'rāma', which form is the saptamī eka-vacana?

  1. rāmasya
  2. rāme Correct answer.
  3. rāmāya
  4. rāmāt

Explanation

The saptamī (locative) eka-vacana pratyaya is ṅi, which after an a-kāra stem is realised as the ending -e. Thus rāma + e = rāme, meaning 'in or on Rāma'. The same -e ending serves both puṃliṅga and napuṃsaka a-kāra stems.

Question 26Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which of the following śabdas is halanta and therefore declines with consonant-final sandhi?

  1. sarasvatī
  2. rājan Correct answer.
  3. nadī
  4. guru

Explanation

A halanta śabda is one whose stem ends in a consonant; rājan ends in -n, so it is halanta and its declension follows consonant sandhi, as in rājā, rājñā and rājani. The other three stems end in vowels - a, ī and u - and are therefore ajanta.

Question 27Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

What is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana form of the i-kāra puṃliṅga śabda 'hari'?

  1. haribhyām
  2. haraye
  3. hareḥ
  4. hariṇā Correct answer.

Explanation

In the i-kāra declension the tṛtīyā eka-vacana pratyaya ṭā is replaced by nā, so hari + nā gives hariṇā, 'by or with Hari'. The stem-final short i is retained before this ending.

Question 28Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the correct tṛtīyā eka-vacana of the halanta śabda 'rājan'?

  1. rājāya
  2. rājena
  3. rājñā Correct answer.
  4. rājaḥ

Explanation

rājan is halanta; before the tṛtīyā eka-vacana pratyaya ṭā the stem-final n is dropped, giving rāj-, and ṭā is replaced by nā. The resulting -jn- is written ñ, so the correct form is rājñā, 'by the king'.

Question 29Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

What is the dvitīyā bahu-vacana form of the a-kāra puṃliṅga śabda 'rāma'?

  1. rāmaiḥ
  2. rāmebhyaḥ
  3. rāmāḥ
  4. rāmān Correct answer.

Explanation

The dvitīyā bahu-vacana pratyaya is śas, which after an a-kāra stem is realised as -ān: the stem vowel becomes ā and a final n is added. So rāma + śas = rāmān, the accusative plural meaning 'Rāmas'.

Question 30Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the puṃliṅga declension of the sarvanāma 'tad', which form is the dvitīyā eka-vacana?

  1. tad
  2. tam Correct answer.
  3. tena
  4. tasmāt

Explanation

For the sarvanāma tad the puṃliṅga dvitīyā eka-vacana is tam, made by adding the pratyaya am to the base ta-. A pronoun form must agree with its noun in liṅga, vacana and vibhakti.

Question 31Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana form of the ī-kāra strīliṅga śabda 'nadī'?

  1. nadībhiḥ
  2. nadyā Correct answer.
  3. nadyaḥ
  4. nadyai

Explanation

nadī is an ī-kāra strīliṅga ajanta stem. In the tṛtīyā eka-vacana the pratyaya ṭā is added and the final ī becomes y, giving nadyā, meaning 'by or with the river'.

Question 32Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

What is the prathamā eka-vacana form of the o-kāra śabda 'go'?

  1. gave
  2. gavaḥ
  3. gauḥ Correct answer.
  4. gavā

Explanation

The o-kāra stem go takes the prathamā eka-vacana pratyaya su. By sandhi the sequence o + s becomes auḥ, so go + s = gauḥ, 'a cow'. The same stem yields gavā, gave and gavaḥ in the other cases.

Question 33Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

The halanta śabda 'śvan' declines with a strong and a weak stem. Which form is its tṛtīyā eka-vacana?

  1. śunā Correct answer.
  2. śvanā
  3. śuni
  4. śvā

Explanation

The halanta stem śvan loses its -an in the weak cases: the strong form is śvā in the prathamā eka-vacana, while the weak base śu- takes the remaining endings. Adding the tṛtīyā eka pratyaya ṭā, which becomes nā, gives śunā.

Question 34Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana of the śabda 'sakhi'?

  1. sakheḥ
  2. sakhyuḥ Correct answer.
  3. sakhinā
  4. sakhāyaḥ

Explanation

sakhi is an i-kāra stem whose final i is replaced by yu before the vowel-initial endings of the weak cases. The ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana pratyaya ṅas therefore yields sakhyuḥ, meaning 'of a friend'.

Question 35Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the ā-kāra strīliṅga declension of the śabda 'latā', which form is the dvitīyā eka-vacana?

  1. latayā
  2. latām Correct answer.
  3. latāyāḥ
  4. latāyai

Explanation

For ā-kāra strīliṅga śabdas the dvitīyā eka-vacana ending is -m; latā + am becomes latām. The forms latayā, latāyai and latāyāḥ belong to tṛtīyā, caturthī and ṣaṣṭhī respectively.

Question 36Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the prathamā bahu-vacana of the a-kāra napuṃsaka śabda 'phala'?

  1. phalāni Correct answer.
  2. phalāya
  3. phalena
  4. phalāḥ

Explanation

a-kāra napuṃsaka śabdas take -āni in the prathamā bahu-vacana, so phala becomes phalāni. The ending -āḥ belongs to puṃliṅga and strīliṅga plural, while -ena and -āya are singular tṛtīyā and caturthī endings.

Question 37Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana of the sarvanāma 'asmad'?

  1. mahyam
  2. mām
  3. mat
  4. mayā Correct answer.

Explanation

The tṛtīyā eka-vacana of asmad is mayā, formed from the strong stem ma- with the instrumental ending. mām is dvitīyā, mahyam is caturthī, and mat is pañcamī.

Question 38Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the i-kāra puṃliṅga declension of 'kavi', which form is the ṣaṣṭhī bahu-vacana?

  1. kavayaḥ
  2. kavibhiḥ
  3. kavīnām Correct answer.
  4. kavau

Explanation

i-kāra puṃliṅga śabdas form the ṣaṣṭhī bahu-vacana with -īnām, giving kavīnām. kavayaḥ is prathamā bahu, kavibhiḥ is tṛtīyā bahu, and kavau is saptamī eka.

Question 39Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana of the u-kāra puṃliṅga śabda 'guru'?

  1. guroḥ
  2. guruṇā Correct answer.
  3. gurunā
  4. gurave

Explanation

u-kāra puṃliṅga śabdas take the tṛtīyā eka-vacana ending -ṇā after the stem; guru + ṇā becomes guruṇā, with ṇatva. gurave is caturthī eka and guroḥ is ṣaṣṭhī or pañcamī eka.

Question 40Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the ṛ-kāra declension of 'pitṛ', which form is the ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana?

  1. pitaraḥ
  2. pituḥ Correct answer.
  3. pitre
  4. pitrā

Explanation

The ṛ-kāra stem pitṛ forms the ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana as pituḥ, using the weak stem pit- with -uḥ. pitre is caturthī eka, pitrā is tṛtīyā eka, and pitaraḥ is prathamā bahu.

Question 41Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana of the halanta śabda 'rājan'?

  1. rājñaḥ Correct answer.
  2. rājānam
  3. rājā
  4. rājabhiḥ

Explanation

The n-stem rājan uses the weak stem rājñ- before vowel endings; its ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana is rājñaḥ. rājā is prathamā eka, rājānam is dvitīyā eka, and rājabhiḥ is tṛtīyā bahu.

Question 42Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the dvitīyā eka-vacana of the sarvanāma 'yuṣmad'?

  1. tvayā
  2. tvām Correct answer.
  3. tubhyam
  4. tava

Explanation

The dvitīyā eka-vacana of yuṣmad is tvām, the accusative form of the pronoun. tvayā is tṛtīyā, tubhyam is caturthī, and tava is ṣaṣṭhī.

Question 43Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the declension of the adjective 'mahat', which form is the prathamā eka-vacana puṃliṅga?

  1. mahataḥ
  2. mahat
  3. mahāntaḥ
  4. mahān Correct answer.

Explanation

mahat is an adjective with a strong stem mahānt- used in the prathamā eka-vacana puṃliṅga, giving mahān. The form mahat is neuter prathamā or dvitīyā eka, mahāntaḥ is puṃliṅga prathamā bahu, and mahataḥ is ṣaṣṭhī or pañcamī eka.

Question 44Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

The śabda 'sakhi' has an irregular strong stem. Which form is its dvitīyā eka-vacana?

  1. sakhāyaḥ
  2. sakhyā
  3. sakhāyam Correct answer.
  4. sakhim

Explanation

sakhi uses the strong stem sakhāy- before vowel endings in the singular; the dvitīyā eka-vacana is therefore sakhāyam. sakhāyaḥ is prathamā bahu, sakhā is prathamā eka, and sakhyā is tṛtīyā eka.

Question 45Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the napuṃsaka a-kāra declension of the śabda 'phala', which form is the saptamī eka-vacana?

  1. phalena
  2. phalāni
  3. phale Correct answer.
  4. phalam

Explanation

The napuṃsaka a-kāra paradigm changes the final -a to -e in the saptamī eka-vacana, exactly as in phale. The form phalam is the prathamā and dvitīyā eka-vacana, phalāni is the bahu-vacana, and phalena is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana.

Question 46Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the tṛtīyā eka-vacana of the ā-kāra strīliṅga śabda 'latā'?

  1. latayā Correct answer.
  2. latāyai
  3. latām
  4. latāḥ

Explanation

In ā-kāra strīliṅga declension the tṛtīyā eka-vacana adds -yā to the stem latā, giving latayā. The form latām is the dvitīyā eka-vacana, latāyai is the caturthī eka-vacana, and latāḥ is the prathamā bahu-vacana.

Question 47Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

In the puṃliṅga declension of the sarvanāma 'etad', which form is the prathamā eka-vacana?

  1. etam
  2. etat
  3. eṣaḥ Correct answer.
  4. etena

Explanation

The sarvanāma etad takes the pronominal ending -aḥ in the puṃliṅga prathamā eka-vacana, and the initial e- becomes eṣ- before that ending, giving eṣaḥ. The form etat is the napuṃsaka prathamā/dvitīyā, etam is the puṃliṅga dvitīyā, and etena is the tṛtīyā.

Question 48Shabdarupa - noun, pronoun and adjective declensions (ajanta and halanta)

Which form is the ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana of the halanta śabda 'ātman'?

  1. ātmanaḥ Correct answer.
  2. ātmani
  3. ātmanā
  4. ātmā

Explanation

The halanta śabda ātman has a strong stem ātmā only in the prathamā eka-vacana, while the remaining singular cases are built on the weak stem ātman-. The ṣaṣṭhī eka-vacana therefore takes the ending -aḥ, giving ātmanaḥ. The forms ātmanā and ātmani are respectively tṛtīyā and saptamī, and ātmā is prathamā.

Question 49Dhaturupa and Lakara - verb conjugation, pada, purusha and vacana

ଲଟ୍ ଲକାରରେ 'ଭୂ' ଧାତୁର ପ୍ରଥମ ପୁରୁଷ ବହୁବଚନର ରୂପ କେଉଁଟି?

  1. ଭବତି
  2. ଭବନ୍ତି Correct answer.
  3. ଭବତଃ
  4. ଭବେତ୍

Explanation

ଭୂ ଧାତୁ ପରସ୍ମୈପଦୀ ଅଟେ। ଲଟ୍ ଲକାରରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ପୁରୁଷ ବହୁବଚନରେ 'ଅନ୍ତି' ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଏ ଏବଂ ଧାତୁର ଗୁଣ ହୋଇ 'ଭବନ୍ତି' ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ।

Question 50Dhaturupa and Lakara - verb conjugation, pada, purusha and vacana

'ଅସ୍ମି' ରୂପଟି କେଉଁ ପୁରୁଷ ଓ ବଚନକୁ ବୁଝାଏ?

  1. ପ୍ରଥମ ପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନ
  2. ମଧ୍ୟମ ପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନ
  3. ଉତ୍ତମ ପୁରୁଷ ବହୁବଚନ
  4. ଉତ୍ତମ ପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନ Correct answer.

Explanation

ଅସ୍ ଧାତୁର ଲଟ୍ ଲକାର ଉତ୍ତମ ପୁରୁଷ ଏକବଚନରେ 'ମି' ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ହୋଇ 'ଅସ୍ମି' ରୂପ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୁଏ। ଏହା 'ମୁଁ' ଅର୍ଥ ଦେଇ ଉତ୍ତମ ପୁରୁଷର ଚିହ୍ନ ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।