Shabdarupa: Ajanta and Halanta Declensions
Shabdarupa: nominal declension
Shabdarupa tests ajanta and halanta paradigms, pronouns and adjective agreement. Learn the stem, its final sound, gender and the full sup endings.
Ajanta rāma (a-stem, masculine)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | rāmaḥ | rāmau | rāmāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | rāmam | rāmau | rāmān |
| Tṛtīyā | rāmeṇa | rāmābhyām | rāmaiḥ |
| Caturthī | rāmāya | rāmābhyām | rāmebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | rāmāt | rāmābhyām | rāmebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | rāmasya | rāmayoḥ | rāmāṇām |
| Saptamī | rāme | rāmayoḥ | rāmeṣu |
| Sambodhana | he rāma | he rāmau | he rāmāḥ |
Other frequent stems
- nadī (ī-stem): nadī, nadīm, nadyā, nadyai, nadyāḥ, nadyāḥ, nadyām; dual nadyau; plural nadyaḥ.
- guru (u-stem): guruḥ, gurum, guruṇā, gurave, guroḥ, guroḥ, gurau; dual gurū; plural guravaḥ.
- pitṛ (ṛ-stem): pitā, pitaraṃ, pitrā, pitre, pituḥ, pituḥ, pitari; dual pitarau; plural pitaraḥ.
- rājan (halanta): rājā, rājānam, rājñā, rājñe, rājñaḥ, rājñaḥ, rājani; dual rājānau; plural rājānaḥ.
Pronouns and adjectives
- tad (m.): saḥ, tam, tena, tasmai, tasmāt, tasya, tasmin; tau; te.
- asmad: aham, mām, mayā, mahyam, mat, mama, mayi; āvām; vayam.
- yuṣmad: tvam, tvām, tvayā, tubhyam, tvat, tava, tvayi; yuvām; yūyam.
- An adjective agrees with its noun: sundaraḥ rāmaḥ, sundarī nadī, sundaram phalam.
Worked example rāma + bhyām → rāmābhyām. The suffix bhyām serves tṛtīyā, caturthī and pañcamī dual. The stem-final a lengthens before it, so the form is rāmābhyām, not rāmabhyām.
Traps
- Mixing dual and plural endings.
- Treating halanta rājan like an a-stem.
- Forgetting irregular pronouns.
- Making an adjective match the wrong gender.