Dhaturupa and Lakara: Conjugation, Pada, Purusha and Vacana
Dhaturupa and Lakara: verb conjugation
The exam tests roots in the ten lakāras, with pada, puruṣa and vacana. Identify the root, gaṇa, vikaraṇa, pada and ending.
Ten lakāras
- laṭ present; laṅ imperfect; liṭ perfect; luṅ aorist.
- lṛṭ simple future; lṛṅ conditional; luṭ periphrastic future.
- loṭ imperative; vidhiliṅ optative; āśīrliṅ benedictive.
Padas and persons
- Parasmaipada endings in laṭ: -mi, -si, -ti; -vaḥ, -thaḥ, -taḥ; -maḥ, -tha, -anti.
- Ātmanepada endings in laṭ: -e, -se, -te; -vahe, -ethe, -ete; -mahe, -dhve, -ante.
- Puruṣa: prathama (third), madhyama (second), uttama (first). Vacana: eka, dvi, bahu.
Model: bhū, laṭ, parasmaipada
- bhavāmi, bhavasi, bhavati
- bhavāvaḥ, bhavathaḥ, bhavataḥ
- bhavāmaḥ, bhavatha, bhavanti
Model: paṭh, laṭ, parasmaipada
- paṭhāmi, paṭhasi, paṭhati
- paṭhāvaḥ, paṭhathaḥ, paṭhataḥ
- paṭhāmaḥ, paṭhatha, paṭhanti
Ātmanepada model: labh, laṭ
- labhe, labhase, labhate
- labhāvahe, labhethe, labhete
- labhāmahe, labhadhve, labhante
Worked example bhū + laṭ, prathama-puruṣa-eka-vacana. The present vikaraṇa śap adds -a. The root vowel ū takes guṇa to o; o before a becomes av, giving bhav-. With the ending -ti the form is bhavati. Reasoning: root + vikaraṇa + ending, with guṇa applied before the vikaraṇa.
Traps
- Using parasmaipada endings for an ātmanepada root.
- Forgetting guṇa or vṛddhi.
- Confusing prathama with first person in English.
- Mixing dual and plural.