Haryana BSEH Secondary NSQF Apparel Made-Ups and Home Furnishing flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Made-ups

Stitched textile articles other than garments, such as aprons, bags, bed linen, curtains and towels. They form a major export category alongside apparel and use the same cutting and stitching operations.

Value chain order

Fibre to yarn to fabric to processing to pattern making and cutting to stitching to finishing and quality control to packaging and retail. Each stage adds cost and must meet the next stage's specification.

Fire extinguisher colour codes

Red for water, cream for foam, black for carbon dioxide and blue for dry powder. Water and foam must never be used on live electrical equipment because the operator can be electrocuted.

Lockout and tagout

Switching off and isolating a machine, tagging it, and confirming the needle is at rest before threading, cleaning or changing the needle. It prevents accidental start-up injury during maintenance.

Needle control rule

Needles are counted out and counted back at the end of each shift, and broken needles go into a closed container. A stray needle left in a garment is a serious recall hazard.

Cotton fibre properties

A cellulose natural fibre that is absorbent, comfortable and stronger when wet than dry. It creases easily, is damaged by strong acids and mildew, and burns like paper leaving soft grey ash.

Burn test for wool

Wool is a protein fibre that burns slowly with the smell of burnt hair and leaves a crushable black bead. Silk behaves similarly but leaves a softer bead and is more heat sensitive.

Direct yarn count

Tex and denier express weight per fixed length, so a higher number means a coarser yarn. Cotton count is indirect, expressing length per fixed weight, so a higher number means a finer yarn.

Twill weave

A weave with floating yarns producing diagonal lines on the surface, as in denim and drill. It is stronger and denser than plain weave and hides soil well, making it suitable for trousers.

Grain line rule

The pattern grain line must run parallel to the selvedge. Cutting off-grain causes the garment to twist, hang unevenly and pucker at seams after washing or wearing.

Marker efficiency formula

Marker efficiency equals the total area of pattern pieces divided by the area of fabric used, multiplied by one hundred. Nesting small pieces into gaps and using full fabric width raises efficiency.

Standard seam allowance

One centimetre on most seams, one and a half to two centimetres on side seams, and two and a half to four centimetres on garment hems. Cut exactly on the marked line for consistent results.

Lockstitch 301

A straight stitch formed by needle thread and bobbin thread interlocking inside the fabric. It is strong and does not unravel easily but has little stretch, so it suits woven fabric seams.

French seam

A seam that encloses its raw edges inside a folded tuck, giving a neat finish with no visible raw edge. It suits sheer and light fabrics such as voile, chiffon and organza.

Balanced stitch tension

Correct tension makes needle and bobbin threads meet inside the fabric. Loops of upper thread underneath show upper tension too loose or bobbin tension too tight and need adjustment.

Curtain fullness ratio

Pleated curtains need fabric two to two and a half times the track width; eyelet and pencil pleat need one and a half to two times. Add heading and hem allowances to the finished drop.

Curtain drop measurement

The distance from the rod or track to the desired finished length, such as sill, below sill or floor level. Add top heading and bottom hem allowance before cutting the fabric.

Cotton shrinkage allowance

Cotton may shrink three to five per cent on first washing. Pre-wash fabric or add allowance before cutting bed linen, table linen and garments so the finished size stays correct.

Four-point fabric inspection

A system giving one to four penalty points per defect depending on its length. A roll is accepted when points per hundred square yards fall within the buyer's agreed limit.

AQL 2.5 and 4.0

Acceptable quality level values used with sampling tables to decide sample size and accept or reject numbers. AQL 2.5 is common for major defects and AQL 4.0 for minor defects.

Major versus minor defect

A major defect affects saleability, wear or performance, such as a hole, broken stitch or wrong size. A minor defect is cosmetic only, such as a slight thread tail or faint mark.

Break-even quantity

Fixed cost divided by selling price per unit minus variable cost per unit. Producing and selling below this quantity means the enterprise makes a loss on the product.

Cost sheet components

Material, labour and overheads such as power, rent and depreciation make total cost. Selling price equals total cost plus profit, and margin percentage is profit divided by selling price times one hundred.

Udyam registration

Registration of a micro, small or medium enterprise on the government portal. It gives the unit a unique identity and access to schemes, and is commonly requested by buyers and banks.

Envelope-back cushion cover

A cover with two overlapping back panels that hide the cushion insert without a zip. Cut the front to finished size plus seam allowance and each back panel about two-thirds of the width.

Tote bag specification

A body of about thirty-five by forty centimetres with optional base gusset, handles three to four centimetres wide and fifty-five to sixty centimetres long, reinforced at the joins with a square and cross stitch.

Project specification sheet

A record of product name, finished size, fabric, seam types, stitch types, trims and quality checks. It allows the same article to be repeated consistently and costed accurately.

Plain weave

The simplest weave with one warp yarn over and one under each weft yarn. It is the strongest and least lustrous weave, used for poplin, voile, cambric and most shirting fabrics.

Overlock stitch 504

A three-thread stitch that neatens fabric edges and joins knit seams while allowing stretch. It is the standard edge finish for T-shirts, leggings and other knitted garments.

Nap and one-way layout

Corduroy, velvet and directional prints must be laid in one direction only so all pieces shade alike. Mixing direction causes visible shade differences between panels in the finished article.

Metal detection in packing

Every packed garment passes through a metal detector before carton packing. A failed piece is re-examined for broken needles or pins, and needle issue records must match returns.

Interview answer structure

Describe the situation, the action taken and the result achieved. For a sewing role, quote machine skills, production speed, quality record and any pattern-drafting or finishing experience.