BSEH SS Biotechnology study plan

Map the full recombinant DNA workflow from restriction digestion to clone screening, and label each enzyme, vector element, and selection marker on a hand-drawn diagram

Compare plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC, and YAC vectors by insert capacity, copy number, and typical use, writing one sentence per vector

Explain the molecular basis of PCR, including primer design rules, annealing temperature, and the role of proofreading polymerase, in a written summary

Trace DNA replication, transcription, and translation step by step and identify three points where inhibitors or antibiotics act

Solve Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance problems, including linkage, recombination frequency, and pedigree analysis, until ten practice problems are completed correctly

Describe the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and the major classes of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids with their monomer units

Explain mutation types and DNA repair pathways, and predict the phenotypic consequence of a given point mutation

Summarize chromosome structure, karyotyping, and the chromosomal basis of common aneuploidies

Design a complete cloning strategy for a named gene, specifying host, vector, restriction sites, transformation method, and screening approach

Compare bacterial, yeast, and mammalian expression systems by yield, post-translational modification, and cost

Describe microbial growth kinetics, the phases of a batch culture, and how continuous culture differs

Explain sterilization methods and their mechanisms, and select an appropriate method for a given material

Classify industrially important microorganisms and match each to a fermentation product such as an antibiotic, enzyme, or organic acid

Compare batch, fed-batch, and continuous fermentation and identify the parameters monitored in a bioreactor

Outline plant tissue culture from explant sterilization through callus induction, shoot regeneration, and rooting

Explain the principles of animal cell culture, including aseptic technique, media composition, and subculturing

Distinguish innate from adaptive immunity and describe the roles of B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells

Explain antibody structure, the five immunoglobulin classes, and the principle behind ELISA, Western blot, and lateral flow tests

Describe antigen-antibody reactions used in diagnostics, including agglutination and immunodiffusion

Summarize cell signaling and membrane transport mechanisms with one worked example each

Describe transgenic plant and animal production, naming the genes involved and the regulatory steps for at least two approved examples

Explain biopharmaceutical production, gene therapy approaches, and vaccine platforms including subunit and mRNA vaccines

Outline industrial applications such as enzyme production, biopolymers, and biofuels with the organism and process used

Trace the historical milestones of biotechnology and define its major subfields and career pathways

Explain informed consent, biosafety levels, containment, and the Cartagena Protocol principles in a written summary

Distinguish patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets, and describe the criteria for patentability in biotechnology

Describe safe handling of biological material, PPE, spill response, and waste segregation

Explain the principles and calculations behind common lab techniques such as dilution, centrifugation, and spectrophotometry

Complete two full-length timed mock exams and record the score for each domain

Review every missed question and write a corrected explanation for each

Recite the key definitions, pathways, and comparisons from all ten domains using flashcards until recall is fluent

Revisit the two lowest-scoring domains and redo targeted practice until the score improves