Haryana BSEH Senior Secondary NSQF Apparel Made-Ups and Home Furnishing key terms

The part of the textile industry that converts fabric into wearable garments such as shirts, trousers and dresses. It includes design, pattern making, cutting, stitching, finishing and export of ready-to-wear clothing.

Finished textile articles stitched from fabric for direct use rather than as clothing, for example bed sheets, pillow covers, towels, curtains and table linen. They are sold as household or institutional products.

Textile products used to decorate and equip living spaces, including curtains, upholstery covers, cushions, bedspreads and floor coverings. The segment demands coordinated colour, design and durable fabric performance.

A fibre obtained directly from plants, animals or minerals, such as cotton, jute, silk and wool. Its length, fineness and strength vary with source and growing or rearing conditions.

A fibre produced industrially from polymers, either natural polymers such as cellulose or synthetic polymers such as polyester and nylon. Production conditions can be controlled to give uniform properties.

A fibre of comparatively short, finite length, whether natural like cotton or cut from man-made tow. Staples are twisted together to form yarn, and their length affects yarn strength and hairiness.

A yarn made from long, continuous strands of fibre, either natural silk or extruded man-made filaments. It is smooth, strong and low in hairiness compared with staple yarns.

A number expressing the thickness or linear density of a yarn. Indirect systems such as Ne rise with finer yarns, while direct systems such as tex rise with coarser yarns.

The spiral turns inserted into a yarn to hold fibres together and give it strength. Twist direction is called S or Z, and the amount of twist changes hand feel, lustre and durability.

Grams per square metre, a measure of fabric weight per unit area. It guides selection of fabric for a product and helps compare stiffness, drape and warmth between fabrics.

Fabric formed by interlacing two sets of yarns, warp and weft, at right angles. Plain, twill and satin are basic weaves, and woven cloth is generally stable and low in stretch.

Fabric made by interlooping yarns in connected loops rather than interlacing them. It stretches and drapes well, which suits T-shirts, hosiery and sportswear.

The firmly finished lengthwise edge of a woven fabric that prevents fraying. It runs parallel to the warp and helps the cutter align pattern pieces with the grain.

The direction of warp yarns in woven fabric or wales in knitted fabric, marked on patterns as a long arrow. Pattern pieces must be placed parallel to it so garments hang correctly.

The process of drawing a garment pattern from body measurements using standard construction rules. It produces accurate shapes that are later trued, tested and graded.

A trial garment stitched in inexpensive fabric from a new pattern to check fit, balance and proportions. Corrections made on the toile are transferred back to the paper pattern.

A light, plain-woven cotton fabric often used for trial garments and draping because it is cheap and shows fit clearly. Its loose weave also makes it suitable for soft home furnishings.

The extra width added outside the stitching line on a pattern to join pieces and finish edges. It is usually 1 to 1.5 cm and is trimmed or notched where seams curve.

The systematic process of increasing or decreasing a base pattern size to create a full size range. Rules are applied at marked points so that fit proportions stay consistent across sizes.

A cutting plan that arranges pattern pieces on fabric as closely as possible to save material. Marker efficiency is the percentage of fabric actually covered by the pieces.

Laying out one or more plies of fabric smoothly and evenly on a cutting table before cutting. Correct alignment of grain, selvedge and print direction prevents distorted garments.

Small clips cut into a seam allowance to mark matching points or to let a curved seam lie flat. Notches must not cut into the stitching line or the seam will weaken.

A small snip made into a seam allowance, often on an inward curve, so the fabric can spread and the seam turns cleanly. Over-clipping weakens the seam and may cause fraying.

The sequence of stitching operations that turns cut fabric into a finished garment, including seams, darts, plackets, collars, sleeves and hems. Correct sequence and seam type affect strength and appearance.

The final stage of garment production that includes trimming threads, pressing, inspection, folding and packing. Good finishing improves appearance and reduces customer complaints.

Applying heat, moisture and pressure with an iron or press to shape seams and remove wrinkles. Correct pressing sets stitches and gives a professional look without flattening texture.

A layer of fabric fused or sewn between the outer fabric and the lining to give body and shape, as in collars and cuffs. Its shrinkage and care must match the main fabric.

The way a fabric hangs and folds under its own weight when suspended or worn. Soft fabrics drape closely while stiff fabrics stand away, so drape guides product and pattern choice.

Decorative work added to fabric or a finished product to enhance its appearance, such as embroidery, applique, beadwork and mirror work. It adds value but also adds cost and production time.

A hand method of printing designs by pressing carved wooden or metal blocks dipped in dye onto fabric. Each colour needs a separate block and careful registration.

A printing technique in which paste is forced through open areas of a mesh screen onto fabric. One screen is needed per colour, and the method suits bold, repeated designs.

The planning of colour, motif, repeat and layout for fabrics and products. It must consider the end use, printing or weaving method, and how the repeat matches at seams.

The unit of a design that is duplicated across the fabric width and length. Correct repeat size and matching prevent mismatched motifs at seams in curtains and garments.

A heavy-duty machine built for continuous factory stitching, with high speed and a strong motor. It differs from a domestic machine in durability, table mounting and specialised functions.

A machine that trims the fabric edge and encloses it with interlocking stitches, preventing fraying and joining knitted seams. It uses multiple threads and cuts as it sews.

The number of stitches per unit length, usually stitches per inch or per centimetre. Too few stitches give weak seams, while too many can pucker or cut the fabric.

Deciding in advance what to make, in what quantity, and with which machines, materials and workers. It balances capacity with delivery dates to avoid delays and idle time.

Distributing work elements among operators so each station takes a similar time and no bottleneck forms. It raises output and reduces waiting and work-in-progress.

Standard allowed minute, the time allowed to complete one operation at a defined performance level. It is used to calculate capacity, cost and operator efficiency.

Checking products against defined standards and taking corrective action when faults appear. It covers incoming fabric, in-process stitching and final inspection before packing.

Acceptable quality level, the maximum defect rate considered acceptable in a lot. It is used in sampling plans to decide whether a batch should be accepted or rejected.

Calculating the total cost of a product, including fabric, trims, labour, overheads and wastage. Accurate costing supports pricing decisions and profit margins.

Identifying a business opportunity and organising resources, risk and effort to build a venture. In this sector it includes setting up small stitching, printing or trading units.

The combination of product, price, place and promotion used to reach target customers. A consistent mix helps small apparel businesses compete and communicate clearly.

The support given to buyers before, during and after a sale, including enquiry handling, order tracking and complaint resolution. Good service builds repeat orders and reputation.

Gear worn to reduce workplace hazards, such as needle guards, finger guards, masks and ear protection. It complements safe machine design and safe working practices.

Any condition at work that can harm health or safety, such as machine moving parts, dust, noise, poor lighting or repetitive strain. Hazards must be identified and controlled.

A workplace organisation method using sort, set in order, shine, standardise and sustain. It reduces clutter, improves safety and makes faults easier to spot on the shop floor.

Exchanging information clearly through speech, writing, listening and body language. In production it covers instructions, feedback and reporting problems accurately to supervisors.

Working cooperatively with others, sharing tasks and supporting colleagues to achieve a common target. It relies on clear roles, respect and timely communication.