BSF Paramedical cheat sheet

Number series: check differences first, then ratios; alternating (+3, ×2) or two interleaved series are common, so test odd and even positions separately.

Alphabet positions: A=1 … Z=26; reverse value = 27 − forward value. EJOTY (5, 10, 15, 20, 25) gives quick anchors for letter-position questions.

Coding-decoding: identify the shift per letter (+1, −2, reverse alphabet) or letter-sum rule; for word codes, compare the same letter across two coded words to isolate its value.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender marks; use generation levels (+1 parents, 0 same, −1 children). 'Only son of my mother' = the speaker himself (male).

Direction sense: fix North up; right turn = +90°, left turn = −90°. Net displacement uses Pythagoras on total East-West and North-South components.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'. Only conclusions true in every possible Venn diagram follow; 'some' conclusions need at least one shared element.

Series of figures/analogies: track one attribute at a time (rotation, element count, shading, position swap) rather than all at once.

Odd-one-out: prefer the rule that excludes exactly one option; common bases are prime/composite, perfect squares/cubes, divisibility, and closed vs open letter shapes.

Ranking puzzles: if a person is nth from the left and mth from the right, total = n + m − 1; overlapping-rank questions use total − (n + m) when ranks overlap.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles are Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties are Part IVA (Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976).

National symbols: national animal tiger, bird Indian peacock, flower lotus, tree banyan, fruit mango, river Ganga; national anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' by Rabindranath Tagore.

Indian defence: BSF raised 1 December 1965, headquarters New Delhi, motto 'Duty unto Death'; it guards land borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh in peacetime.

Human body basics: 206 bones in an adult, 32 teeth in a permanent set, normal adult pulse 60–100 beats/min, normal body temperature about 37 °C (98.6 °F).

Blood groups: O negative is the universal donor for red cells, AB positive the universal recipient; AB plasma is the universal plasma donor.

Science facts: SI unit of force is newton, of pressure pascal, of power watt; speed of light ≈ 3 × 10^8 m/s; water boils at 100 °C at sea level.

Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states; longest river in India is the Ganga, largest state by area Rajasthan, by population Uttar Pradesh.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100) × N. Successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100, always on cost price unless stated. If CP is unknown, set CP = 100 to simplify.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P. For 2 years, CI − SI = P(R/100)^2.

Average = sum of terms / number of terms; if every term is increased by k, the average rises by k. Combined average uses weighted sums, not the mean of averages.

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Trains: time to cross a pole = train length / speed; time to cross a platform = (train length + platform length) / speed.

Ratio and proportion: if a : b = c : d then ad = bc. To divide amount N in ratio a : b : c, each share = N × part / (a + b + c).

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; total surface area of cube = 6a², volume = a³.

Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; use one day's work = 1/x as the unit.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb ('One of the boys is here').

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for unique or previously specified nouns.

Tenses: use present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past actions with present relevance; past perfect (had + participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by' ('She wrote the letter' → 'The letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, pronouns change with the reporter, and 'said to' becomes 'told'; questions use 'asked if/whether'.

Common confusions: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (head/main) vs principle (rule); stationary (not moving) vs stationery (writing material).

Synonyms/antonyms and one-word substitutions: 'philanthropist' = lover of mankind, 'omnipotent' = all-powerful, 'inflammable' = easily set on fire (not 'not flammable').

Idioms: 'to burn the midnight oil' = to study or work late; 'a bolt from the blue' = a sudden shock; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

Vital signs ranges (adult): temperature 36.5–37.5 °C oral, pulse 60–100/min, respiration 12–20/min, blood pressure about 120/80 mmHg, SpO2 ≥ 95% on room air.

Five rights of medication administration: right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time (plus right documentation and reason).

Universal precautions: treat all blood and body fluids as infectious; use gloves for contact, and perform hand hygiene before and after every patient contact.

Sterilisation vs disinfection: sterilisation destroys all microorganisms including spores (autoclave 121 °C, 15 psi, 15–20 min); disinfection reduces pathogens on inanimate objects.

Injection sites: deltoid for small volumes (up to 1 mL), ventrogluteal for larger IM volumes in adults, and the outer upper arm for intradermal BCG.

Isolation types: airborne precautions need an N95 respirator and negative-pressure room (TB, measles); droplet precautions need a surgical mask (influenza, pertussis).

Normal values: haemoglobin 13–17 g/dL (men), 12–15 g/dL (women); fasting blood glucose 70–100 mg/dL; adult urine output about 1–2 mL/kg/hour.

First aid: for burns, cool with running water for 20 minutes and do not apply ice or oil; for choking in a conscious adult, give back blows then abdominal thrusts.

Emergency drugs and terms: adrenaline (epinephrine) is first-line in anaphylaxis; atropine for organophosphate poisoning and symptomatic bradycardia; 'stat' means give immediately.