CG Vyapam Sub Auditor key terms

Observed every year on 1 November, it marks the day in 2000 when Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh and became India's 26th state, with Raipur as its capital.

A UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve spread across Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh in the Maikal hills, protecting sal forests and the source region of the Narmada and Son rivers.

A Chhattisgarh scheme launched in 2020 under which cow dung is bought from cattle owners at a fixed rate and converted into vermicompost, supporting rural income and organic farming.

A festival of more than 600 years held at Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh, lasting about 75 days and centred on the Danteshwari temple; it is a tribal celebration of the goddess, not the Ramayana story.

The leaf of the tendu tree, collected mainly by tribal families in Chhattisgarh and neighbouring central Indian states, dried and stitched into bidi; its trade is regulated by the state forest department.

The 1992 amendment that gave constitutional status to rural local self-government, mandating three-tier panchayats, direct elections, reservation for women and SC/ST, and a fixed five-year term.

A central law allowing any citizen to request information from public authorities, which must normally reply within 30 days; it is enforced through Information Commissions at central and state level.

The National Institution for Transforming India, set up in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission; it is a policy think tank that advises government and promotes cooperative federalism rather than allocating funds.

A Chhattisgarh direct benefit transfer scheme, started in 2020, that pays an input subsidy to farmers growing notified crops, credited in instalments directly to their bank accounts.

A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'start'; questions ask you to select the closest match from the given options.

A fixed group of words whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words, such as 'at the drop of a hat', which means immediately or without hesitation.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition to form a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to stop doing something; the added particle can change the sense completely.

Two ways of presenting an action: active voice puts the doer first, as in 'She wrote the letter', while passive voice puts the receiver first, as in 'The letter was written by her'.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। संधि के तीन भेद हैं-स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। इसके मुख्य भेद तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, बहुव्रीहि, द्वंद्व, द्विगु और अव्ययीभाव हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न और लाक्षणिक होता है, जैसे 'अंधे की लाठी' का अर्थ एकमात्र सहारा है। ये भाषा को सजीव और प्रभावी बनाते हैं।

काव्य में सौंदर्य बढ़ाने वाले तत्वों को अलंकार कहते हैं। ये मुख्यतः शब्दालंकार, जैसे अनुप्रास और यमक, तथा अर्थालंकार, जैसे उपमा और रूपक, दो प्रकार के होते हैं।

वाक्य में संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का क्रिया के साथ संबंध बताने वाले चिह्न को कारक कहते हैं; हिंदी में कर्ता, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान, संबंध, अधिकरण और संबोधन-आठ कारक हैं।

A fraction expressed with a denominator of 100 and written with the % sign; 45% means 45 out of every 100, and percentages are used to compare quantities and compute profit, discount, interest and marks.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, such as 3:5; a proportion states that two ratios are equal, as in 3:5 = 6:10, where the product of extremes equals the product of means.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using SI = P × R × T / 100, where R is the annual rate per cent and T the time in years.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values; it gives a central value and is widely used in problems on marks, ages, runs and speed.

A reasoning question type in which two or more statements are taken as true and you must decide which of the given conclusions logically follow, usually by drawing Venn diagrams.

Reasoning problems that describe family relationships in words or coded symbols and ask how two persons are related, requiring you to draw a clear family tree.

A reasoning topic in which letters or numbers are replaced according to a rule, such as shifting each letter forward by two places, and you must apply the same rule to a new word.

A book-keeping method in which every transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, one debited and one credited for equal amounts, so total debits always equal total credits.

The book of original entry in which transactions are recorded in date order with a narration, showing which accounts are to be debited and credited before posting to the ledger.

The principal book containing all accounts in classified form; entries from the journal and subsidiary books are posted here so that the balance of each account can be worked out.

A statement listing the debit and credit balances of all ledger accounts on a given date, prepared to check that total debits equal total credits; it does not prove complete accuracy of records.

The systematic fall in the book value of a fixed asset owing to use, wear and tear or obsolescence, charged as an expense in the profit and loss account each year.

A statement explaining the difference between the cash book bank balance and the bank statement balance on a date, by listing cheques issued but not presented, deposits not yet credited and bank charges.

A temporary account used to carry the difference in the trial balance when errors prevent it from agreeing; it is closed once the errors are traced and rectified.

An independent examination of books of account and supporting records to verify that the financial statements give a true and fair view and comply with the applicable rules.

System software such as Windows or Linux that manages hardware, memory and files, and provides the platform on which application programs run.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address typed into a browser to locate a resource on the internet, such as https://example.com/page, containing the protocol, domain name and path.

Hardware or software that watches incoming and outgoing network traffic and allows or blocks it according to set rules, protecting a computer or network from unauthorised access.

A fraud in which fake emails, messages or websites imitate a trusted organisation to trick a user into revealing passwords, OTPs or bank account details.

Use of remote servers over the internet to store data and run applications, so the user does not manage local hardware; common examples are Google Drive, online backup and web-based email.