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Chhattisgarh was formed under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, and came into existence on 1 November 2000. It was carved out of the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, with Raipur as its capital.
Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh and also its largest city. Bilaspur is known for the High Court, while Durg and Jagdalpur are important regional cities but not the capital.
The wild buffalo, locally called van bhainsa, is the state animal of Chhattisgarh. The state bird is the hill myna and the state tree is sal, so those symbols should not be confused with the animal.
The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. It then flows through the state and enters Odisha before draining into the Bay of Bengal, supporting major irrigation and power projects.
The Chhattisgarh High Court was established on 1 November 2000 and is seated at Bilaspur, not in the state capital Raipur. This is a frequently tested separation between the administrative capital and the judicial headquarters.
Chhattisgarh sends 11 members to the Lok Sabha and 5 members to the Rajya Sabha. The state's Lok Sabha seats include Raipur, Bilaspur, Bastar and Surguja, among others.
Bastar Dussehra is a long-duration festival centred on the Danteshwari temple in Jagdalpur and is traditionally observed for about 75 days. It is associated with the Kakatiya rulers and involves rituals such as the pat jatra and rath parichalan.
Bhoramdeo is in Kabirdham district and is often called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh. The temple complex was built by the Phani Nagvanshi dynasty and is dedicated to Lord Shiva, with extensive stone carvings.
Chhattisgarh has five notified PVTGs: Baiga, Kamar, Birhor, Pahari Korwa and Abujhmaria. These groups receive special attention under tribal development schemes because of their distinct vulnerability and pre-agricultural level of technology.
Chhattisgarh borders seven states: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. This makes it one of the more inter-state boundary-sharing states in central India.
Chhattisgarh notified the hill myna (pahari myna) as its state bird, a species associated with the forests of the Bastar and Surguja tracts. The Indian peafowl is the national bird of India, while the Indian roller and the great hornbill are state symbols of other states, so they do not hold this status in Chhattisgarh.
Pandavani is a narrative folk performance of Chhattisgarh in which the singer recounts episodes from the Mahabharata, usually focusing on Bhima and Draupadi, with the ektara as accompaniment. Performers such as Teejan Bai have carried this tradition to national prominence, and it remains a recognised folk art of the state.
Ajit Jogi took oath as the first Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh on 1 November 2000, the day the new state came into existence. Raman Singh later held the post for three consecutive terms from 2003 to 2018, and Bhupesh Baghel and Vishnu Deo Sai followed him in later terms.
The Bailadila hills in Dantewada district contain some of the richest iron ore deposits in India and are worked by NMDC, largely for export through the Visakhapatnam port. Raigarh, Korba and Bilaspur are better known for coal, power generation and other industries rather than for the Bailadila ore body.
The Kutumsar caves lie within Kanger Valley National Park in the Bastar region and are among the best-known limestone caves in central India. Indravati National Park lies in Bijapur district, Guru Ghasidas National Park in the Koriya-Surguja belt, and Achanakmar sanctuary in the Bilaspur region, so none of them contains these caves.
Chhattisgarh elects five members to the Rajya Sabha, chosen by the state's elected MLAs through proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. This representation was fixed when the state was created in 2000 and is separate from its Lok Sabha allocation.
Sirpur, on the bank of the Mahanadi in Mahasamund district, was an important centre under the Panduvamshi rulers and has yielded a large Buddhist vihara along with Shaiva temples. Its excavation remains one of the most significant archaeological projects in Chhattisgarh.
The Bhumkal uprising of 1910 was a revolt by the tribal communities of Bastar against the forest and revenue policies of the princely state, and Gunda Dhur of village Nethanar is remembered as its central figure. It is a landmark episode in the tribal history of Chhattisgarh.
The Mahtari Vandan Yojana gives eligible married women of Chhattisgarh ₹1,000 per month, transferred directly to their bank accounts, amounting to ₹12,000 a year. The scheme was announced in the state budget and is implemented through the women and child development department.
The Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly is a unicameral body with 90 elected members, one from each assembly constituency. The other numbers do not match the total fixed for the state under its legislative framework.
Chitrakote Falls is located on the Indravati River near Jagdalpur in Bastar district. The river drops broadly here, which is why the fall is often compared with Niagara.
Rajim is situated at the confluence of the Mahanadi, Pairi and Sondur rivers. Of the options listed, Pairi is the river that joins the Mahanadi at this pilgrimage town.
Bhilai Steel Plant was built with Soviet technical and financial assistance and began production in the 1950s. It is a landmark public-sector steel plant in Durg district.
Gonds form the largest tribal community in Chhattisgarh by population. Baiga, Halba and Kamar are also notified tribal groups but are smaller in number.
The Godhan Nyay Yojana was launched in 2020 to procure cow dung at ₹2 per kg and convert it into vermicompost. This creates income for livestock owners and supports organic farming through gauthans.
Hasdeo Arand is a large contiguous forest tract in Sarguja district that has been central to debates over coal mining and forest rights. It is not located in Bastar, Dantewada or Korba.
Palash, also called the flame of the forest, is the notified state flower of Chhattisgarh. The other flowers listed are not the state's official floral symbol.
Panthi is a devotional dance of the Satnami community in Chhattisgarh, performed to the rhythm of the mandar drum. The other drums listed are used in different musical traditions and are not the chief accompaniment for Panthi.
The PESA Act, 1996, extends Panchayati Raj to Fifth Schedule areas and gives primacy to the Gram Sabha in matters such as minor minerals, land and local resources. Zila Parishad, Janpad Panchayat and Gram Panchayat do not receive these special powers under PESA.
Chhattisgarh's notified state animal is the wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee), a large bovid linked to the state's forests and wetlands. The Indian bison, sloth bear and Bengal tiger are protected animals found in the state but are not its official state animal.
Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000 from the eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000. It did not come out of Maharashtra, Odisha or Jharkhand, although it shares borders with them.
The Chhattisgarh High Court was established on 1 November 2000 and has its seat at Bilaspur, not in the state capital Raipur. Raipur is the capital city, while Durg and Jagdalpur are other major urban centres in the state.
Indravati National Park and Tiger Reserve is located in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh, along the Indravati river. Bastar district has Kanger Valley National Park, while Korba and Surguja are known for other resources.
Veer Narayan Singh, often described as the first martyr of Chhattisgarh, led a revolt from Sonakhan in the present-day Balodabazar-Bhatapara region during the 1857 uprising. He was captured and executed by the British in 1857.
The programme's name summarises four rural livelihood components: Narva for water conservation, Garva for livestock, Ghurva for compost, and Bari for kitchen gardens. Hence Narva is specifically linked to conserving water and developing watersheds.
Hareli is celebrated in the month of Shravan, when farmers worship agricultural implements and pray for a good sowing season. It marks the beginning of the agricultural cycle rather than the harvest or fishing season.
The Bhoramdeo temple complex stands in Kabirdham district, near Kawardha, and is known for its Nagara-style sculpture and carvings. It is not in the Bastar, Raigarh or Surguja districts.
Dhokra is a non-ferrous metal casting tradition practised by tribal artisans, especially in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. The craft uses the lost-wax technique and is not chiefly centred on Raipur, Bilaspur or Koriya.
The Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana was introduced by the Chhattisgarh government to give financial support to farmers, mainly linked to paddy cultivation. It is an agricultural income-support measure, not a health, education or housing scheme.
Kanger Valley National Park lies in Bastar district, close to Jagdalpur, and is named after the Kanger river that flows through it. It is known for its limestone caves, including Kutumsar and Kailash caves, the Tirathgarh waterfall, and the eyeless cave fish, and it was declared a biosphere reserve. The park's entire notified area falls within Bastar district, not in the neighbouring districts of Bijapur, Dantewada or Kanker.
The subject of the sentence is the singular noun 'list', and the phrase 'of pending bills' is only a prepositional modifier, so it cannot make the verb plural. Present-tense third-person singular therefore takes 'lies'. 'Lay' and 'laid' are different verbs or tenses and do not fit the present state described.
The choice between 'a' and 'an' depends on the sound that follows, not the letter. In 'hour' the letter h is silent, so the word begins with a vowel sound and takes 'an'. 'The' would point to a particular hour already identified, which the sentence does not do.
The adjective 'responsible' is followed by the preposition 'for' when it introduces a duty, and the verb after it appears in the -ing form. The pattern is 'responsible for doing something'. The other prepositions do not collocate with 'responsible' in this sense.
A surplus is the amount by which income or receipts exceed expenditure, so its opposite is a deficit, the amount by which expenditure exceeds income. 'Excess' is close in meaning to surplus rather than opposite. 'Balance' and 'estimate' are neutral accounting terms and carry no opposite sense.
In the pattern 'one of + plural noun', the true subject is the singular pronoun 'one', so the verb must be singular: 'has been misplaced'. The plural noun 'vouchers' lies inside a prepositional phrase and does not control the verb. The remaining segments are correctly formed.
In the passive voice the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, and the verb takes the form 'will be + past participle'. The agent is introduced with 'by'. The modal 'will' must be retained, so forms with 'would have been' or the simple present 'is reviewed' change the tense or mood.
A command in direct speech is reported with 'told' plus the object and a to-infinitive: 'told the clerk to submit'. The time expression 'today' shifts to 'that day' in reported speech. 'Said' cannot take a personal object directly in this pattern, and 'asked whether' would report a question, not an order.
The standard spelling is 'receipt', meaning a written acknowledgement that money has been received. It keeps the silent p from its Latin source, and the vowel order is e before i. The other spellings break this established orthographic pattern and are not accepted in official records.
'No sooner' is paired with 'than' in a fixed correlative construction, and the earlier action normally appears in the past perfect. The pattern is 'No sooner had ... than ...'. 'When', 'then' and 'that' do not complete this pairing in standard written English.
'To cook the books' is an idiom meaning to alter or falsify financial records dishonestly, usually to hide a shortage or inflate a balance. It carries a clear sense of fraud and has nothing to do with neat maintenance or routine estimation. An auditor's report would use the phrase only when alleging manipulation.