CG TET Paper 1 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages and ages: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11 onward); the primary-class child is usually in the concrete operational stage.

Preoperational markers: egocentrism, animism, centration, irreversibility and lack of conservation; the three-mountain task and the conservation-of-liquid task are the classic demonstrations.

Concrete operational markers: conservation, reversibility, classification, seriation and stable understanding of number; hypothetical, abstract reasoning appears only in the formal stage.

Vygotsky: learning is social; the ZPD is the gap between independent and assisted performance; scaffolding is the temporary support that closes it, and inner speech develops from egocentric speech.

Kohlberg's three levels: pre-conventional (punishment–obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy–good girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's psychosocial stages: industry vs inferiority (about 6–12 years) is the primary-school stage; repeated success builds competence, repeated failure builds a sense of inferiority.

Conditioning: Pavlov's classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one; Skinner's operant conditioning shapes behaviour through reinforcement and punishment; Thorndike gave the laws of readiness, exercise and effect.

Assessment decision rule: formative assessment runs during teaching for feedback and adjustment; summative assessment comes at the end for certification; CCE covers both scholastic and co-scholastic areas continuously.

RTE Act 2009: free and compulsory education for ages 6–14, no capitation fee, no screening at admission, no detention or expulsion till elementary completion (a 2019 amendment lets states permit detention at classes V and VIII after re-examination).

The natural order of language skills is LSRW - listening, speaking, reading, writing; oral work precedes reading and writing in the primary classroom.

Phoneme = smallest meaning-distinguishing sound; morpheme = smallest meaningful unit; syntax = word order and sentence structure; semantics = meaning; pragmatics = meaning in context.

Skimming = fast reading for gist; scanning = fast reading for one specific detail; intensive reading = close analysis of a short text; extensive reading = large amounts of easy text for fluency.

Reading models: bottom-up decodes letters to words to meaning; top-down uses prior knowledge and prediction; the interactive model combines both and is recommended for primary classes.

Approaches: grammar-translation (rules and translation, little speech), direct method (target language only, no translation), communicative language teaching (real functions and interaction, fluency before accuracy).

Error decision rule: treat errors as evidence of a developing interlanguage; correct mainly errors that block meaning or that target the structure being taught; do not interrupt fluency work for every mistake.

NCF 2005 position: the child's home language is a resource, not a barrier; multilingualism is used in the classroom and the school language is built on the home language.

Vocabulary terms: synonym = same meaning; antonym = opposite meaning; homophone = same sound, different spelling or meaning (sea/see); homograph = same spelling, different meaning (bank).

Figures of speech: simile uses like/as; metaphor states one thing is another; personification gives human qualities to non-human things; alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds.

Krashen's five hypotheses: acquisition–learning distinction, natural order, monitor, comprehensible input (i+1) and the affective filter.

Eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

Article rule: 'a' before a consonant sound, 'an' before a vowel sound (an hour, a university); 'the' for something specific, unique or superlative.

Subject–verb agreement rules: each/every/either/neither takes a singular verb; in 'neither … nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject; a collective noun acting as one unit takes a singular verb.

Tense: present perfect (have/has + past participle) links a past action to the present; simple past is used with a definite finished time marker such as 'yesterday'.

Passive voice: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, the verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is introduced with 'by' or dropped.

Reported speech backshift: present to past, past to past perfect, will to would, can to could, may to might; pronouns and time words shift (today to that day).

Testing terms: discrete-point items test one element at a time (an MCQ on articles); integrative items test several at once (cloze, dictation, composition).

Phonics teaches letter–sound correspondence and blending; the whole-word (look-and-say) method teaches recognition of complete words; a balanced early-reading programme uses both with meaningful text.

Divisibility: 2 last digit even; 3 digit sum divisible by 3; 4 last two digits divisible by 4; 5 last digit 0 or 5; 8 last three digits divisible by 8; 9 digit sum divisible by 9; 11 alternating digit-sum difference divisible by 11 or zero.

For two numbers, HCF × LCM = product of the numbers; the HCF always divides the LCM; HCF is found by prime factorisation or the Euclidean algorithm.

Number types: prime has exactly two factors; composite has more than two; co-prime numbers have HCF 1; twin primes differ by 2 (11 and 13).

BODMAS order: Brackets, Of, Division and Multiplication (left to right), Addition and Subtraction (left to right).

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; percentage = (part ÷ whole) × 100; speed = distance ÷ time.

Simple interest SI = P × R × T ÷ 100; amount = principal + simple interest.

Perimeter: rectangle 2(l + b), square 4s, circle 2πr. Area: rectangle l × b, square s², triangle ½ × base × height, circle πr².

Volume: cuboid l × b × h, cube s³, cylinder πr²h; 1 litre = 1000 cm³.

Angle facts: angles of a triangle sum to 180°, of a quadrilateral 360°; complementary pairs sum to 90°, supplementary pairs to 180°; a straight angle is 180° and a full turn 360°.

NCF 2005 EVS themes: Family and Friends; Food; Shelter; Water; Travel; Things We Make and Do - the syllabus is organised around the child's immediate environment rather than around separate disciplines.

Air composition by volume: about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03–0.04% carbon dioxide, plus argon and water vapour; oxygen is needed for respiration and burning.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O, in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, gives C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Water cycle sequence: evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection and run-off; it maintains the supply of fresh water.

Food chain: producer, primary consumer (herbivore), secondary consumer (carnivore), decomposer; roughly only 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A causes night blindness; B1 beriberi; C scurvy; D rickets; iron anaemia; iodine goitre.

States of matter and change: solid to liquid is melting, liquid to gas evaporation or boiling, gas to liquid condensation, liquid to solid freezing; these are physical changes, usually reversible.

Chhattisgarh basics: formed 1 November 2000; capital Raipur; state animal wild buffalo, state bird hill myna, state tree sal; major rivers include the Mahanadi, Indravati, Hasdeo and Shivnath.

Chhattisgarh landmarks: Chitrakote waterfall on the Indravati in Bastar; Kanger Valley National Park with the Kutumsar caves and Tirathgarh falls; Achanakmar–Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve.