CG TET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the same learner can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when only the appearance changes, such as water poured from a wide glass into a tall narrow one.

Scaffolding

Temporary support from a teacher or peer, such as hints, models and prompts, that lets a learner complete a task beyond independent ability; the support is gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Egocentrism

Piaget's term for the preoperational child's difficulty in seeing a situation from another person's viewpoint, demonstrated in tasks such as the three-mountain experiment.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by interest or satisfaction in the activity itself, such as curiosity or enjoyment, rather than by external rewards, marks or fear of punishment.

Formative assessment

Assessment carried out during teaching to gather evidence about learning and adjust instruction; it is diagnostic and feedback-oriented rather than used for grading or promotion decisions.

Pre-conventional morality

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, typical of young children, in which right and wrong are judged by avoiding punishment and by personal reward or exchange.

Inclusive education

An approach in which all children, including those with disabilities or from disadvantaged groups, learn together in the same regular classroom with adapted curriculum, teaching and assessment support.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language that can change meaning, such as the /p/ and /b/ sounds that distinguish 'pat' from 'bat'.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of a word; 'unhappiness' contains three morphemes, un-, happi- and -ness, and some morphemes can stand alone as words.

Skimming

Rapid reading to grasp the general idea or gist of a text, used for previewing a chapter or deciding whether a passage deserves closer reading.

Scanning

Fast reading to locate one specific piece of information, such as a date, name or number, without reading every word of the passage.

Top-down processing

Reading or listening that begins with the learner's prior knowledge, expectations and context to predict meaning, instead of decoding the text letter by letter.

Extensive reading

Reading large amounts of easy, self-chosen material for pleasure and fluency, usually outside close classroom analysis, and a major route to vocabulary growth.

Phonics

A method of teaching early reading that links letters and letter patterns to their sounds, so learners blend sounds to decode unfamiliar printed words.

Comprehensible input

Krashen's claim that language is acquired when learners receive input slightly beyond their current level (i+1) and can understand it from context and support.

Affective filter

Krashen's metaphor for emotional factors such as anxiety, low self-confidence and boredom that can block learners from using understandable language input for acquisition.

Cloze test

A passage with words deleted at regular intervals that the learner must supply from context; it is an integrative test of reading comprehension and language use.

Subject-verb agreement

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb, and 'each' or 'every' takes a singular verb.

Active voice

A sentence structure in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The teacher praised Ravi'; it is generally clearer and more direct than the passive form.

LCM-HCF relation

For two positive integers a and b, LCM(a, b) × HCF(a, b) = a × b; this lets you find the LCM when the HCF and the numbers are known.

Place value

The value a digit gets from its position in a number; in 4,736 the digit 7 stands for 700, while its face value is simply 7.

BODMAS

The agreed order of operations - Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction - that decides which part of a numerical expression is calculated first.

Perimeter of a rectangle

Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 × (length + breadth); for a square it is 4 × side, and perimeter is measured in linear units such as centimetres.

Unitary method

A method of solving problems by first finding the value of one unit and then multiplying to obtain the value of the required number of units.

Van Hiele levels

Five levels describing how geometric understanding develops - visualization, analysis, informal deduction, formal deduction and rigour - used to sequence tasks from recognising shapes to writing proofs.

Food chain

A sequence showing how energy passes from a producer such as a green plant to herbivores and then to carnivores, with decomposers breaking down dead matter.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll to make glucose, releasing oxygen as a by-product.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation from water bodies, condensation into clouds, precipitation as rain or snow, and collection in rivers and groundwater.

Biodegradable

Describing materials such as paper, cotton and vegetable peels that micro-organisms can break down into simpler substances within a reasonably short time.

Balanced diet

A diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, roughage and water in the proportions the body needs for health, growth and protection from disease.

Kanger Valley National Park

A national park in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, known for the Kutumsar and Dandak limestone caves, Tirathgarh falls and the hill myna.