DSSSB PGT cheat sheet

Fundamental Rights run from Article 12 to 35; Article 32 (constitutional remedies) was called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by B. R. Ambedkar.

The President is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs of States/UTs with legislatures, using proportional representation by single transferable vote (Article 54).

Rajya Sabha: maximum strength 250 - 238 representatives of States/UTs and 12 nominated by the President; members serve 6-year terms, one-third retiring every 2 years.

Indian Standard Time is based on 82°30′E longitude, passing near Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh), and is UTC+5:30.

The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram.

First Battle of Panipat (1526) - Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi; it founded Mughal rule in India.

The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 under the RBI Act, 1934, and nationalised on 1 January 1949.

The UN adopted the 2030 Agenda with 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets in September 2015.

Syllogism conversion: 'All A are B' → 'Some B are A'; 'No A is B' → 'No B is A'; 'Some A are B' → 'Some B are A'.

In direction sense, net displacement = √[(east–west)² + (north–south)²]; use a sketch and assign signs.

Clock angle formula: θ = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; if θ > 180, the smaller angle is 360 − θ.

Odd days: 100 years = 5, 200 = 3, 300 = 1, 400 = 0; a normal year shifts the weekday by 1, a leap year by 2.

Circular seating: if all face the centre, a person's left is clockwise; if all face outside, left is anticlockwise.

Letter coding: A=1 … Z=26; reverse position = 27 − forward position (A↔Z, B↔Y).

Inequality chain: 'A > B ≥ C' gives A > C and B ≥ C; '≥' permits equality, '>' does not.

Blood relations: vertical lines = generations, horizontal = siblings/spouse; never assume gender from a name.

Successive percentage change: net % = a + b + ab/100, where a and b carry their signs (+ for increase, − for decrease).

Profit/loss: SP = CP × (100 ± profit/loss%)/100; discount is always calculated on marked price.

Compound interest: A = P(1 + r/100)^n; for half-yearly compounding use r/2 and 2n.

Time and work: combined rate = 1/a + 1/b; if A is twice as efficient as B, A takes half the time of B.

Speed conversion: km/h → m/s multiply by 5/18; m/s → km/h multiply by 18/5.

HCF × LCM = product of the two positive integers; use prime factorisation for more than two numbers.

Divisibility: by 3 or 9 if digit sum is divisible; by 11 if alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr²; volume of cylinder = πr²h; Heron's formula: area = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)].

हिंदी संधि: स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलते हैं; व्यंजन संधि में व्यंजन का स्वर/व्यंजन से मेल; विसर्ग संधि में विसर्ग का रूप बदलता है।

समास: तत्पुरुष में उत्तर पद प्रधान; बहुव्रीहि में कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं (अन्य पद प्रधान); द्वंद्व में दोनों पद प्रधान; अव्ययीभाव में पूर्व पद अव्यय प्रधान।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास = वर्णों की आवृत्ति; उपमा = समानता; रूपक = अभेद आरोप; उत्प्रेक्षा = संभावना ('मानो', 'जनु')।

English subject–verb agreement: 'each, every, either, neither, everyone, somebody' take a singular verb; 'none' may be singular or plural depending on sense.

Articles: use 'a' before a consonant sound and 'an' before a vowel sound; use 'the' for a unique object, superlative, and previously specified noun.

Present perfect (have/has + past participle) links a past action to the present; use 'since' for a starting point and 'for' for a duration.

Passive voice: object → subject, verb → appropriate form of 'be' + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'; only transitive verbs passivise.

Direct → indirect: present simple usually becomes past simple; 'this' → 'that', 'today' → 'that day', 'tomorrow' → 'the next day'.

A universal subject claim ('all X are Y') is disproved by one counterexample; an existential claim ('some X are Y') needs one verified instance.

In science and numerical subjects, check dimensional/unit consistency: both sides of an equation must have identical SI base units.

Correlation does not establish causation; causal claims require controlled comparison, temporal precedence, and ruling out confounders.

In history/social science, distinguish primary from secondary sources and check for anachronism; chronology fixes termini ante and post quem.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; align each test item with its intended cognitive level.

Item difficulty p = number correct ÷ number attempted; discrimination D = p(upper group) − p(lower group); D ≥ 0.3 is generally acceptable.

NEP 2020 school structure: 5+3+3+4 years covering ages 3–18, with foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary stages.

Formative assessment is during learning for feedback; summative assessment is at the end for certification/grading; both need construct validity.