DSSSB PGT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 32

It is the right to constitutional remedies under Part III; the Supreme Court can issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. B. R. Ambedkar called it the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution.

Rajya Sabha maximum strength

The Constitution permits up to 250 members: 238 representing States and Union Territories and 12 nominated by the President. Members serve six-year terms, with one-third retiring every two years.

Indian Standard Meridian

The 82°30′E longitude passing near Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, sets Indian Standard Time as UTC+5:30. It is used throughout India despite the country's wide longitudinal spread.

Tropic of Cancer in India

It crosses eight States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It marks the northern limit of the sun's vertical rays.

First Battle of Panipat

Fought in 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and established Mughal rule in India. It is one of the earliest battles using gunpowder and field artillery in the subcontinent.

Sustainable Development Goals

The UN's 2030 Agenda, adopted in 2015, contains 17 goals and 169 targets covering poverty, health, education, environment, and peace. They replaced the Millennium Development Goals.

Syllogism: All A are B

It implies 'Some B are A' by conversion, but not 'All B are A'. Combined with 'All B are C', it yields 'All A are C'.

Clock angle formula

The angle between the hands is |30H − 5.5M| degrees, where H is the hour and M the minute. If the result exceeds 180°, subtract it from 360° for the smaller angle.

Odd days of 100 years

A century has 5 odd days; 200 years have 3; 300 years have 1; 400 years have 0. These values help find the day of the week for a date.

Circular seating facing centre

If everyone faces the centre, a person's left-hand side is clockwise and right-hand side is anticlockwise. Reverse these directions when everyone faces outside.

Letter reverse position

In the English alphabet, a letter's reverse position equals 27 minus its forward position: A=1 pairs with Z=26, B=2 with Y=25, and so on.

Inequality chain rules

It establishes A > C and B ≥ C from A > B ≥ C. The '>' sign excludes equality, while '≥' includes it; combine only compatible signs in a single chain.

Blood relation diagram

Use vertical lines for parent–child generations and horizontal lines for siblings or spouses. Do not infer a person's gender from a name; use only stated kinship terms.

Successive percentage change

For changes a% and b%, the net change is a + b + ab/100, keeping signs: positive for increase, negative for decrease. Example: +20% then −10% gives +8%.

Compound interest formula

Amount A = P(1 + r/100)^n for principal P, annual rate r, and n years. For half-yearly compounding, use rate r/2 and number of periods 2n.

Time and work rate

If A finishes in a days and B in b days, their combined one-day work is 1/a + 1/b. The time together is ab/(a+b) days.

Speed unit conversion

To convert km/h to m/s, multiply by 5/18; to convert m/s to km/h, multiply by 18/5. These factors come from 1000 m per 3600 s.

HCF and LCM product rule

For two positive integers, HCF × LCM equals their product. This does not extend directly to three or more numbers; use prime factorisation instead.

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sums of digits in alternating positions is 0 or a multiple of 11, including negative multiples.

Heron's formula

Area of a triangle with sides a, b, c is √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)], where s = (a+b+c)/2 is the semi-perimeter.

संधि के तीन प्रकार

स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलते हैं; व्यंजन संधि में व्यंजन का स्वर या व्यंजन से मेल होता है; विसर्ग संधि में विसर्ग का रूप बदलता है।

बहुव्रीहि समास

इसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं होता; समस्त पद किसी तीसरे अर्थ की ओर संकेत करता है, जैसे 'दशानन' का अर्थ 'दस सिर वाला' (रावण) है।

अनुप्रास अलंकार

जब एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति एक या अधिक बार होती है, तो अनुप्रास अलंकार होता है; यह ध्वनि-सौंदर्य उत्पन्न करता है, जैसे 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें'।

Subject–verb agreement rule

Singular indefinite pronouns such as each, every, either, neither, everyone, and somebody take a singular verb. 'None' may take singular or plural depending on whether it means 'not one' or 'not any'.

Present perfect use

Use have/has + past participle for a past action with present relevance. Use 'since' with a starting point and 'for' with a duration, as in 'since 2010' and 'for five years'.

Passive voice formation

Move the object to subject position, use the correct tense of 'be' plus the past participle, and add the agent with 'by' if needed. Only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

The six cognitive levels are Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, and Create. Test items should be matched to the level named in the learning outcome.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during teaching to provide feedback and adjust instruction. It is low-stakes and diagnostic, unlike summative assessment, which grades learning at the end of a unit.

Construct validity

The degree to which a test measures the intended knowledge or skill rather than unrelated factors such as reading speed, test format, or cultural background.

Item difficulty index p

p equals the number of candidates answering correctly divided by the number who attempted the item. Values near 1 mean easy; near 0 mean hard.

Discrimination index D

D is the proportion correct in the upper-scoring group minus the proportion correct in the lower-scoring group. Values of 0.3 or higher are generally considered acceptable.

NEP 2020 school structure

The policy replaces 10+2 with a 5+3+3+4 structure covering ages 3–18: foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary stages, including three years of pre-school.