EMRS JSA cheat sheet
EMRS JSA · Keep the key ideas within reach.
General Awareness / Reasoning / Quantitative Aptitude
Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% and b% combine as a + b + ab/100.
Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1], compounded annually.
Average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y); for equal times, it is the plain mean (x + y)/2.
Work: if A alone takes a days and B alone b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days.
In a syllogism, two particular premises never yield a definite conclusion; two negatives never yield a definite conclusion.
Blood relation: draw a family tree, marking vertical lines for generations and horizontal lines for siblings and spouses.
Coding-decoding: check letter-shift patterns (+1, −2, alternating) and reverse-alphabet values (A = 26, Z = 1) before assuming a word code.
Articles 12–35 cover Fundamental Rights; Article 21 covers life and personal liberty; Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies.
First in India: first Governor-General of independent India - Lord Mountbatten; first Indian Governor-General - C. Rajagopalachari.
English Language
Present perfect uses has/have + past participle for past actions with present relevance; simple past is used with a definite past time marker such as yesterday.
Subject-verb agreement: each, every, either, neither, everyone and nobody take a singular verb; 'neither...nor' agrees with the nearer subject.
Passive voice: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is introduced by 'by'.
Reported speech: shift present to past, 'today' to 'that day', 'tomorrow' to 'the next day', and 'now' to 'then'.
Conditional type 2 uses 'if + past simple, would + base verb'; type 3 uses 'if + past perfect, would have + past participle'.
Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university), and 'the' for unique or already specified nouns.
Commonly confused: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (head/main) vs principle (rule); stationary (still) vs stationery (writing material).
Idiom: 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret; 'a blessing in disguise' means an apparent misfortune that turns out well.
Hindi Language
स्वर 11 होते हैं - ह्रस्व (अ, इ, उ, ऋ), दीर्घ (आ, ई, ऊ), और प्लुत/अन्य (ए, ऐ, ओ, औ); व्यंजन 33 होते हैं।
वर्ण-विच्छेद में संयुक्त व्यंजन अलग होते हैं: 'क्ष' = क् + ष, 'त्र' = त् + र, 'ज्ञ' = ज् + ञ।
संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि (व्यंजन + स्वर/व्यंजन), विसर्ग संधि; 'सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय' में गुण संधि है।
समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), द्वंद्व (दोनों प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), द्विगु (संख्यावाची), अव्ययीभाव (पूर्व पद अव्यय)।
उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़ता है (अनु + शासन = अनुशासन); प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है (लड़क + पन = लड़कपन)।
कारक के आठ भेद हैं; 'ने' कर्ता कारक, 'को' कर्म कारक, 'से' करण कारक, 'के लिए' सम्प्रदान, 'का/की/के' संबंध, 'में/पर' अधिकरण, 'हे/अरे' संबोधन।
विलोम और पर्यायवाची याद रखें: 'दिन' का विलोम 'रात', 'अंधकार' का विलोम 'प्रकाश'; 'सूर्य' के पर्यायवाची - रवि, भानु, दिनकर, आदित्य।
मुहावरा अर्थ सहित प्रयोग करता है ('नौ दो ग्यारह होना' = भाग जाना), जबकि लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में आती है।
Computer Knowledge / Office Procedures
1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.
Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find.
MS Word: Ctrl+E centre, Ctrl+L left, Ctrl+R right, Ctrl+J justify; F7 opens spelling and grammar check.
Excel: formulas begin with '='; '$A$1' is an absolute reference, 'A1' relative, '$A1' mixed; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF are core functions.
Email: 'To' is the primary recipient, 'Cc' is a visible copy, 'Bcc' is a hidden copy; Reply All includes all original recipients.
A file extension identifies format: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (portable document), .jpg (image).
Notepad saves plain text (.txt); WordPad supports basic formatting; both ship with Windows by default.
Office procedure: inward mail is registered in an inward register with date and sender, then marked to the dealing hand; outward mail is entered in the dispatch register before posting.
A memorandum (office note) moves upward within the office for decision; a circular is issued to many recipients at once for information or instruction.