EMRS JSA key terms

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind, written as a:b, showing how many times one value contains the other. Often simplified by dividing both numbers by their highest common factor.

A statement that two ratios are equal, such as 2:3 = 4:6. Used to solve problems where quantities scale together, including work, speed, and mixture questions.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, so 25% means 25 per 100. Used to compare quantities, compute discounts, interest, profit or loss, and changes in value.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. Used to find a single representative figure and to solve problems about runs, marks, weights, or ages.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula P x R x T / 100, where P is principal, R the yearly rate, and T the time in years.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows each period. Found by subtracting the principal from P(1 + R/100)^T.

A technique that first finds the value of one unit and then multiplies it to get the value of the required number of units. Common in work, time, and cost problems.

A reasoning question giving two or more statements assumed true, from which the candidate must decide which conclusions logically follow. Only valid deduction counts; outside knowledge is ignored.

A reasoning item presenting a pair of related items and asking for a second pair with the same relationship, such as worker to factory matching farmer to field.

A reasoning task listing several items where all but one share a common property; the candidate identifies the item that does not fit the group.

A sequence of numbers, letters, or figures following a rule such as adding a fixed number or increasing differences. The candidate finds the missing or next element.

A reasoning topic where words or letters are replaced by a code using a rule such as shifting letters or reversing order, and the candidate applies the same rule to a new word.

Reasoning problems describing family links through statements or symbols, where the candidate works out how two people are related, such as uncle, sister-in-law, or cousin.

Problems tracking a person's movement in terms of north, south, east, and west, often including turns, to find the final direction or shortest distance from the start.

A diagram using overlapping circles to show how sets relate. Useful for solving syllogisms and questions about people belonging to more than one category.

A sentence form where the subject performs the action, as in 'The teacher checked the papers.' Usually clearer and more direct than the passive form.

A sentence form where the object of the action becomes the subject, as in 'The papers were checked by the teacher.' Formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject a plural verb.

A word such as in, on, at, by, or with that shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and another part of the sentence, often indicating place, time, or manner.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that together carry a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to quit or 'look after' meaning to take care of.

A verb form used as an adjective or to build tenses, such as 'broken' in 'a broken window' or 'running' in 'running water'. Present and past participles are the two main types.

A verb form ending in -ing that works as a noun, as in 'Swimming is good exercise.' It can be the subject, object, or complement of a sentence.

A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, such as 'begin' and 'start'. Synonym questions ask the candidate to pick the closest word.

A word with the opposite meaning of another word, such as 'ancient' and 'modern'. Antonym questions ask the candidate to choose the word most opposite in meaning.

One of two or more words that sound alike but differ in spelling and meaning, such as 'their', 'there', and 'they're'. Commonly tested in spelling and usage questions.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। इसके मुख्य भेद स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि हैं।

दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। इसके भेद तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है, जैसे 'प्र' + 'गति' = प्रगति। हिंदी में ये प्रायः संस्कृत से आए हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया शब्द या भाव बनाता है, जैसे 'सुंदर' + 'ता' = सुंदरता। ये कृत् और तद्धित दो प्रकार के होते हैं।

किसी शब्द के समान अर्थ वाले अन्य शब्दों को पर्यायवाची कहते हैं, जैसे 'जल' के लिए नीर, पानी, वारि। प्रश्नों में समान अर्थ वाला शब्द चुनना होता है।

किसी शब्द का उल्टा या विपरीत अर्थ बताने वाला शब्द विलोम कहलाता है, जैसे 'दिन' का विलोम 'रात' है। प्रश्नों में विपरीत अर्थ वाला शब्द चुनना होता है।

वे शब्द जो प्रसंग के अनुसार एक से अधिक अर्थ देते हैं, जैसे 'कनक' का अर्थ सोना और धतूरा दोनों है। ऐसे शब्दों का सही अर्थ वाक्य से तय होता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से अलग लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना है। इसका प्रयोग वाक्य में ही उचित रहता है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित पूर्ण वाक्य जो कोई अनुभव या नीति सूत्र व्यक्त करता है, जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। इसे कहावत भी कहते हैं और यह मुहावरे से भिन्न है।

The main software that starts a computer, manages memory, files, and devices, and lets other programs run. Examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS.

Graphical User Interface: a way of using a computer through windows, icons, menus, and a mouse pointer instead of typed commands. It makes software easier for non-technical users.

The short suffix after the dot in a file name, such as .docx or .jpg, which tells the system what type of file it is and which program should open it.

A key combination that performs a command quickly, such as Ctrl+C to copy or Ctrl+P to print. Shortcuts save time compared with using menus.

A temporary storage area in memory that holds cut or copied text or objects until they are pasted elsewhere. Its contents are usually lost when the computer is shut down.

A short internal written message used in offices to share information or instructions among staff. It usually has a heading, date, subject, and the sender's name.

The practice of recording comments and facts on a file, step by step, so that a senior officer can understand the issue and decide on the proposed action.

Preparing the final written communication, such as a letter or order, based on the notes on a file and the decision taken by the competent authority.