EMRS JSA flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Successive percentage change
- Two successive changes of a% and b% are equivalent to a single change of a + b + (ab/100) percent. A negative value denotes an overall decrease.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount = P(1 + R/100)^T when interest is compounded annually. Compound interest equals this amount minus the principal P.
- Average speed, equal distances
- When the same distance is covered at speeds x and y, average speed is 2xy/(x + y), the harmonic mean, not the simple arithmetic average.
- Work-rate formula
- If A finishes a job in a days and B in b days, working together they finish it in ab/(a + b) days, since their rates add.
- Syllogism negative rule
- Two negative premises never produce a definite conclusion, and two particular premises also fail to yield one. At least one premise must be universal.
- Article 32
- Article 32 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; it is called the heart of the Constitution.
- First Indian Governor-General
- C. Rajagopalachari was the first and last Indian Governor-General of independent India, serving from 1948 to 1950 before the office was abolished.
- Present perfect tense
- Formed with has/have plus the past participle, it links a past action to the present. It is not used with definite past markers like yesterday.
- Subject-verb agreement rule
- Each, every, either, neither, everyone and nobody take singular verbs. With neither...nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it.
- Passive voice formation
- Make the object the subject, change the verb to a form of be plus past participle, and add the original subject after 'by' if needed.
- Reported speech shift
- When the reporting verb is past, present tenses shift to past, today becomes that day, tomorrow becomes the next day, and now becomes then.
- Second conditional
- If plus past simple in the condition clause, and would plus base verb in the result clause, expresses an unreal or unlikely present situation.
- Affect versus effect
- Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Mixing them is a common error in formal writing.
- Let the cat out of the bag
- An idiom meaning to reveal a secret, usually accidentally. It is used as a verb phrase in a sentence, not as a standalone proverb.
- Article 'an' before vowel sound
- Use 'an' before a spoken vowel sound, as in an hour and an honest man, even when the word begins with a consonant letter.
- स्वर और व्यंजन की संख्या
- हिंदी में स्वर ग्यारह माने जाते हैं और व्यंजन तैंतीस। स्वर स्वतंत्र उच्चारित होते हैं, व्यंजन स्वर की सहायता से।
- वर्ण-विच्छेद
- शब्द के प्रत्येक वर्ण को अलग-अलग करके लिखना वर्ण-विच्छेद है। संयुक्त व्यंजन टूटते हैं, जैसे क्ष = क् + ष।
- गुण संधि
- अ या आ के बाद इ या ई आने पर ए बनता है; उ या ऊ के बाद आने पर ओ। उदाहरण: सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय।
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- जिस समास में कोई भी पद प्रधान न होकर दोनों मिलकर तीसरा अर्थ बताते हैं, वह बहुव्रीहि है; जैसे दशानन = दस मुखों वाला।
- उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय
- उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे अनु + शासन। प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है, जैसे लड़क + पन।
- कर्म कारक
- जिस पर क्रिया का फल पड़े वह कर्म कारक है; इसका विभक्ति चिह्न 'को' है, जैसे राम ने पत्र को पढ़ा।
- मुहावरा और लोकोक्ति
- मुहावरा वाक्यांश है जो लक्षणार्थ देता है और वाक्य में प्रयुक्त होता है। लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में स्वतंत्र प्रयुक्त होती है।
- सूर्य के पर्यायवाची
- सूर्य के पर्यायवाची शब्द हैं रवि, भानु, दिनकर, आदित्य, दिवाकर और प्रभाकर। परीक्षा में इनका प्रयोग अक्सर पूछा जाता है।
- Memory unit conversions
- One byte equals eight bits; one kilobyte equals 1024 bytes; one megabyte equals 1024 kilobytes; one gigabyte equals 1024 megabytes.
- Ctrl+Z and Ctrl+Y
- Ctrl+Z undoes the last action in most Windows applications, while Ctrl+Y redoes an action that was just undone.
- Word alignment shortcuts
- In MS Word, Ctrl+L aligns left, Ctrl+E centres, Ctrl+R aligns right and Ctrl+J justifies the selected paragraph.
- Absolute cell reference
- In Excel, $A$1 is absolute and stays fixed when copied; A1 is relative and shifts; $A1 and A$1 are mixed references.
- Bcc field
- Bcc stands for blind carbon copy. Recipients listed there receive the message, but their addresses are hidden from other recipients.
- File extensions
- Extensions identify file format: .docx for Word documents, .xlsx for Excel workbooks, .pptx for PowerPoint, .pdf for portable documents and .jpg for images.
- Inward register
- An inward register records letters received, with date, sender and subject. The item is then marked to the dealing hand for action.
- Office memorandum
- A memorandum, or office note, is an internal communication moved upward within an office to obtain a decision or record facts.
- Notepad versus WordPad
- Notepad saves unformatted plain text (.txt) only, while WordPad supports basic formatting such as bold, fonts and paragraph alignment.